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Focusing on European Union (EU) Twinning projects in Azerbaijan and Ukraine, this article explores whether EU member states from Central and Eastern Europe (CEECs) offer specific added value for the implementation of EU Twinning projects in the Eastern neighbourhood compared to the older member states. An added value refers to the combined comparative advantages of a group of member states for the implementation of a Twinning project, as perceived by project stakeholders. The findings largely confirm our hypothesis that CEECs mostly offer country-specific comparative advantages, rooted in their recent transition and accession experience, socio-linguistic proximity, and shared historical legacies with the Eastern neighbourhood. In turn, the older member states are perceived to offer mainly sector-specific comparative advantages owing to their institutional experience, sectoral fit, existing sectoral networks in the Eastern neighbourhood, and prior Twinning experience in other countries.

The present review article takes stock of the scholarly literature on EU democracy promotion in the EU's eastern and southern neighbourhood. By deploying the criteria of foreign policy analysis (FPA), the article evaluates the policy context, actor identity, and the policy instruments of EU democracy promotion in the neighbourhood. It argues that the literature still lacks a proper understanding of the role of other actors in the EU's democracy promotion policy, pays insufficient attention to democracy promotion programmes by individual member states, and has the potential for expansion towards good governance promotion studies

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