Tramadol classified as a weak opioid with an analgesic effect similar to that of codeine and indicated for the treatment of moderate and sever pains The purpose of this study was to assess of non-medical use of tramadol among university students. Research design: A descriptive research design was utilized in this study. Setting: This study was conducted at 50% of Faculties of Benha University it included 7 Faculties. The sample: stratified random sample was used in this study which included 10% of students in the first year academic year (2016-2017) number of students who shared in the study was 315 male students. Two instruments were used I): A structured interviewing questionnaire and included two parts. part 1): included (a): socio-demographic characteristics of students and their family characteristics, (b): psychological distress of the students. (c): Physical health of students part2): to assess knowledge of students about tramadol. II): Likert scales consist of 3 level scales which measured attitude of students toward non-medical use of tramadol. Results: Nearly more than three quarters of students (94.3%) didn't have tramadol trial. More than one third of students (33.2%) had good knowledge toward tramadol. More than three quarters of students (80.9%) had positive attitude toward tramadol. Conclusion: There were statistically significant relations between student's family characteristics and tramadol trial. While there was highly statistical significant relations between health status and tramadol trial. there was a positive association among student's total knowledge and total attitude with their characteristics. Recommendations: health education programs for all students in the university regarding non-medical use of tramadol

Background: Many problems facing of the infection control team, there was necessary to use a successful strategy to overcome these problems. Through using functional strategy management can be decreased the problems faced Infection Control Team (ICT) at Hospital. Aim of the study: Was to evaluate functional strategies management for problem solving facing infection control teams at Hospital. Design: A quasi-experimental study design was used. Setting: The study was conducted in 8 Governmental Hospitals at Benha City. Sample: A convenience sample of ICT members included 50 members. Tools: Structured interviewing questionnaire sheet: -consist of four parts: I): demographic characteristic of infection control team. II): problems can be faced infection control team. III): Infection control teams' knowledge regarding Functional Strategy Management (FSM). IV): Application of functional strategy to solve problem facing infection control team. Results: The study revealed that, 66.0 % of the studied ICT had poor total knowledge about Functional Strategy Management (FSM) pre application and then this percentage decreased to 6.0% post application. 30.0% of the studied ICT had applied FSM pre application and increased to 70.0% post application strategy. Conclusion: Utilization functional strategy application improved infection control team knowledge in solving ICT problems. Also, there was a positive correlation among ICT total knowledge and total FSM post application strategy. Recommendations: Continuous application of FSM to solve infection control team problems and improve knowledge and functional practices.

No abstract

No abstract