SummaryThe clinical value of the estimation of systolic pulmonary artery pressure, based on Doppler assessment of peak tricuspid regurgitant velocity using transoesophageal echocardiography, is unclear. We studied 109 patients to evaluate the feasibility of obtaining adequate Doppler recordings, and compared Doppler estimates with values measured using a pulmonary artery catheter in a subset of 33 patients. Tricuspid regurgitation was evaluated at the midoesophageal level at 0-120°using Doppler echocardiography. A Doppler signal was defined as adequate if there was a ≤ 20°alignment and a full envelope. Doppler estimates of systolic pulmonary artery pressure within 10 mmHg and 15% of the value recorded with the pulmonary artery catheter were considered to be in sufficient agreement. Adequate Doppler signals were obtained in 64/109 (59%) patients before and 54/103 (52%) after surgery. Doppler estimates by transoesophageal echocardiography were within 10 mmHg and 15% of values recorded with the pulmonary artery catheter in 28/33 (75%) patients and 22/31 (55%) patients, respectively. In 7 (21%) patients, the echocardiographic Doppler measurement exceeded the measured systolic pulmonary artery pressure by more than 30%. Our study indicates that estimation of the systolic pulmonary artery pressure using transoesophageal Doppler echocardiography is not a reliable and clinically useful method in anaesthetised patients undergoing mechanical ventilation.

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Microfinance should be considered and planned as a major means of economic development at the national level and as a means of reducing poverty, bringing about real development, and raising the standard of living of the rural population, which is the main hypothesis that pointed to the need to monitor what is happening in the microfinance sector, in particular the role of the Local Development Fund, since it is mainly located within the countryside through local units in the provinces. This leads us to a question: What is the real impact of the microfinance services provided by the Local Development Fund in alleviating poverty and economic opportunities for clients? This paper aims to identify the role of microenterprises in alleviating rural poverty and to study the economic and social impacts of micro-enterprises on borrowers. The results show that the total volume of microfinance lending is 29.5 million L.E for 8,471 projects in 2009/10, but real prices show that there is a significant decline in the value of financing directed against current prices. The real funding volume was 9.7 million L.E in 2020/21. It turns out that there are moral differences between the sample members of the borrowers who own. It was found that there were significant differences between the sample members of micro-enterprises and non-borrower sample members of economic variables, with the calculated value of (T) estimated at 10.9, 8, 4.6, 5.8, and 1.8 per monthly income, savings, asset ownership, increased employment opportunities, and development of productive behavior respectively. This compares with the T-rated values where the T values calculated were greater than their scheduling counterparts, and those differences are in favor of borrowers from local development fund clients. About 69% of the sample of micro-entrepreneurs explained that there has been an improvement in their standard of living, as evidenced by the improved level of the food they receive and their interest in educating children and following up on the state's health care initiatives to maintain their health. The research recommends reviewing the distribution of funding to the provinces to target the poorest provinces, in addition to not repeating the same projects in the same places and diversifying activities, focusing on agricultural, rural, and environmental productive activities and moving away from consumer, and service activities that are not fully sustainable and do not increase real employment opportunities. Increasing the value of the loan where it is contrary to the value of microfinance described by the definition of the micro-project with the micro-financing strategy prepared by the state, and the financing rules announced by the Financial Supervisory Authority and funding provided by other official bodies in the country such as the SME Development Authority and micro, which contributes to the movement of customers from projects that meet their basic need to the level of effective microprojects, and thus the final impact of microfinance becomes usefu...

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Despite the efforts made by Egypt to activate and develop domestic investment and attract more FDI through enacting legislation, strengthening infrastructure, establishing industrial and economic investment zones, and trying to create an economic environment that attracts FDI, the economic returns of these measures are still not reflected in the economic sectors significantly. Its results were not clear through an improvement in the level of individual incomes or a decrease in the rates of poverty, inflation and unemployment, or an increase in the efficiency and productivity of the Egyptian economy represented by an increase in the rate of economic growth and the maximization of domestic product.As the improper use of monetary policy tools by the monetary authority motivated by control of the money supply to achieve economic balance through increased taxes and interest rates and an increase in the exchange rate led to a shrinkage in the volume of real domestic investment and a decline in incoming foreign investment. Which leads us to wonder whether monetary policy, with its tools and operational and intermediate objectives, has a positive stimulating effect on investment in general and agricultural investment in particular, as a major and influential sector in the national economy? Hence, the research aims to identify the effectiveness of monetary policy variables in attracting investment, and its impact on the Egyptian agricultural sector, the impact of monetary policy tools on agricultural investment. It was based on the research the use GARCH Model, in order to test the hypothesis of whether monetary policy, with its tools and operational and intermediate objectives, has a positive stimulating effect on investment in Egypt. The results showed the significance of the estimated model for all variables, as it was found that an increase in the total real domestic liquidity and real credit by about one billion pounds leads to an increase in investment by about 0.55 and 0.51 billion L.E each and that the decrease in the real interest rate by about 1% leads to an increase in investment. The investment is 2.3%. Relevant to the results, it is clear that despite the positive impact of credit on investment, this credit is not available due to the crowding out of the government sector with the private sector. Regarding the impact of these results on the agricultural sector, it was found from the estimation of the standard model that the real agricultural investment increased by 0.12 and 0.48 billion L.E. each, respectively, while the real interest rate and the inflation rate decreased by about 1%, which leads to an increase in real agricultural investment by about 0.34. 0.24 Billion L.E each, respectively. The research recommends the necessity of following an appropriate monetary policy to stimulate and grow domestic investment and attract foreign investment by reducing interest rates, providing credit, and not competing with the private sector in obtaining credit, and reducing inflation. With a focus on the productive se...