Ceratitis capitata karantina zararlısı ve toleransı sıfır olarak kabul edilen bir türdür. Üreme kapasitesinin yüksek olması ve doğrudan meyvede zarar yapması nedeniyle zararlı ile mücadele yürütülmeden üretim yapmak mümkün olamamaktadır. Kimyasal mücadeleye alternatif olarak biyoteknik mücadele yöntemi olan kitle halinde tuzakla yakalama, zararlının çok yüksek olmayan popülasyonlarında başarılı sayılan bir mücadele şeklidir. Tuzaklar ile mücadelede farklı besin cezbedici materyaller kullanılarak bireylerin tuzağa çekilmesi sonucu öldürülmesi sağlanmaktadır. Bu çalışma, Ege ve Akdeniz Bölgelerinde şeftali bahçelerinde eş zamanlı yürütülmüş ve bölgeler arasındaki popülasyon farklılığına göre tuzakların etkinliğinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Denemeler 2018 yılında Kuşadası (Aydın), Selçuk (İzmir) ve Erdemli (Mersin) ilçelerinde yürütülmüştür. Zararlının feromon tuzaklar ile popülasyon değişimi ve kitle halinde yakalama tuzaklarının etkinliği saptanmıştır. Mücadele tuzağı olarak Decis Trap (Bayer) isimli ürün kullanılarak tuzağın etkinlikleri saptanmıştır. Temmuz ayında Kuşadası, Selçuk ve Erdemli ilçelerinde sırasıyla 4.8, 149.1 ve 166.9 adet/tuzak ergin birey yakalamıştır. Buna göre Kuşadası ilçesinde %94.19, Selçuk ilçesinde %95.6 oranlarında etkili bir başarı sağlarken Erdemli ilçesinde %56.34 oranında etkili olmuştur. Akdeniz Bölgesi popülasyonunun Ege Bölgesine göre daha yüksek seyretmesi ve şeftali üretim sezonun daha uzun sürmesinden dolayı istenilen düzeyde başarı sağlanamadığı belirlenmiştir.

No abstract

The important invasive thrips species Hawaiian flower thrips, Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan, 1913) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) was first reported in Türkiye in 2015. Since then, it has been causing damage in lemon orchards. This study was conducted to reveal the most effective insecticides, the most effective spraying time and the efficacy of biological control. For this purpose, the effectiveness of five insecticides (480 g/l spinosad, 25% spinetoram, 100 g/l spirotetramat, 50% flonicamid, 240 g/l tau-fluvalinate), effect of three spray programs and effectiveness of predatory bug Orius laevigatus (Fieber, 1860) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) were tested in a lemon orchard [Citrus limon (L.) (Rutales: Rutaceae)] in Erdemli district of Mersin province in 2018 and 2019. In order to determine the most effective spraying time, three spray programs were tested. In Program 1, two sprays during the flowering period were applied. In Program 2, two sprays were applied, one at petal fall and the other at the small fruiting stage. In Program 3, one spray at petal fall and two sprays in the fruiting stages were applied. According to the results, 240 g/l tau-fluvalinate and 50% flonicamid showed the lowest efficacy of the insecticides in the three programs. Spinetoram was found the most effective of the others. Insecticide applications to control T. hawaiiensis during the flowering period (Program 1) had low efficacy. Program 3 was found to be the most effective. Predatory bug O. laevigatus, as a biological control agent was found to have a potential efficacy for suppressing T. hawaiiensis populations.

Tomatoes are the most familiar and the most common greenhouse vegetable crop in Turkey, as well as worldwide. Main whitefly species problematic in the greenhouses, where tomatoes grown primarily, is Bemisia tabaci Genn. (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Serangium parcesetosum Sicard (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is proved as a coccinellid predator of B. tabaci and a voracious feeder by several studies. The hypothesis "the outcome of a biological control program is determined by the initial pest to predator ratio" was examined on caged tomato in greenhouses. The current study showed the influence of initial whitefly density on the whitefly population growth rate, which was independent of the absence or presence of S. parcesetosum (P> 0.05) for the whitefly density × predator release interaction). No significant differences in whitefly suppression from S. parcesetosum predation were monitored between the two initial whitefly densities in both years. The density of the pest was reduced by S. parcesetosum in high and moderate initial whitefly density cages 2-3 weeks after releasing the ladybird beetles. During the experiment, copulating adults, larvae, and pupae of the predatory ladybird beetle were observed in both predator-releasing cages. These results indicated that S. parcesetosum can survive and reproduce on tomato plants in greenhouse production during the spring months in Mediterraenean region of Turkey.

Glasshouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is one of the most economically important pests in terms of its damage to vegetable crops in glasshouse condition. Chemical control is still applied against this pest, but resistance has prevented the use of chemical control methods. In addition chemical pesticides pollute the environment. Biological control, therefore, is one of the viable alternative methods being use in the control of Glasshouse whitefly. The aim of this present study is to use of biological control against Glasshouse whitefly. The effectiveness of Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) was observed between three different varieties of the tomato and cucumber (Moneymaker (tomato), Alicante (tomato) and Telegraph Improved (cucumber)) for this study The results obtained from present study indicated that the percentage of parasitism was 67% for Moneymaker, 67% for Alicante, and 62% for Telegraph Improved. While there was no significant difference in the percentage of parasitism, there was only a difference in the number of whitefly eggs laid between in variety of Alicante ((tomato) and Telegraph Improved (cucumber) in this study. According to the results, the biological control using E. formosa against Glasshouse whitefly can be used successfully on varieties of Moneymaker (tomato), Alicante (tomato), and Telegraph Improved (cucumber) for the control of Glasshouse whitefly in glasshouses.