Background The preventive and curative strategies of malaria are based on promoting the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and treating confirmed cases with artemisinin-based combination therapy. These strategies have led to a sharp decline in the burden of malaria, which remains a significant public health problem in sub-Saharan countries. The objective of this study was to determine and compare the residual efficacy of LLINs recommended by the World Health Organization. Methods The study was conducted in six villages in two sites in Senegal located in the Sahelo-Sudanian area of the Thiès region, 70 km from Dakar and in Mbagame, a semi-urban zone in the Senegal River Valley. A census was conducted of all sleeping places in each household to be covered by LLINs. Five brands of LLIN were distributed, and every six months, retention rates, net use, maintenance, physical integrity, insecticide chemical content, and biological efficacy were examined for each type of LLIN. Results A total of 3012 LLINs were distributed in 1249 households in both sites, with an average coverage rate of 94% (95% CI 92.68–95.3). After 36 months, the average retention rate was 12.5% and this rate was respectively 20.5%, 15.1%, 10%, 7%, and 3% for Olyset Net®, Dawa Plus® 2.0, PermaNet® 2.0, NetProtect® and Life Net®, respectively. The proportion of LLINs with holes and the average number of holes per mosquito net increased significantly during each follow-up, with a large predominance of size 1 (small) holes for all types of LLINs distributed. During the three-year follow-up, bioassay mortality rates of a susceptible strain of insectary reared Anopheles coluzzii decreased in the following net types: in Dawa Plus® 2.0 (100% to 51.7%), PermaNet® 2.0 (96.6% to 83%), and Olyset Net® (96.6% to 33.3%). Mortality rates remained at 100% in Life Net® over the same time period. After 36 months, the average insecticide content per brand of LLIN decreased by 40.9% for Dawa Plus® 2.0, 31% for PermaNet® 2.0, 39.6% for NetProtect® and 51.9% for Olyset Net® and 40.1% for Life Net. Conclusions Although some net types retained sufficient insecticidal activity, based on all durability parameters measured, none of the net types survived longer than 2 years.
La pluviométrie est une variable climatique fréquemment utilisée pour étudier l’évolution du climat en Afrique tropicale. Les études récentes basées sur ce paramètre ont révélé une forte fluctuation de celui-ci en Afrique de l’ouest. Cette variabilité se traduit par la récurrence de la sécheresse et la migration vers le sud des isohyètes entrainant une « sahélisation » des zones soudaniennes. Ce glissement climatique est surtout noté à la fin des années 1960 traduisant un changement dans les lois de distribution des variables hydro-pluviométriques.L’objectif de cette étude consiste à mieux appréhender l’évolution de la pluviométrie dans la partie septentrionale des Rivières du Sud à travers l’indice Pluviométrique Standardisé (IPS), les tests de Pettitt et de Mann-Kendall. Il ressort des résultats de l’IPS une légère supériorité des années sèches par rapport aux années humides à Ziguinchor (20% années sèches contre 14% années humides) et à Cap Skiring avec 22% d’années sèches contre 20% d’années humides. A la station de Bissau, le nombre d’année humide est proportionnel aux années sèches (18%). Cela se traduit, selon le test de Pettitt, par une absence de rupture à Bissau et la présence de ruptures à Ziguinchor en 2004 et à Cap Skiring en 1976. Le test de Mann-Kendall révèle que seule la station de Cap Skiring présente une hypothèse alternative Ha. La p-value (0,006) étant inférieure au seuil alpha (0,05), le test affiche une tendance dans la série.
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