The paper analyses the origins of Italian national identity in opposition to the «otherness» of the African peoples subject to colonization between the end of the 19th century and the 1920s. The paper takes into consideration background studies in the history of pedagogy, among which, Gabrielli (2013, 2015) and colonial studies as Del Boca (1988) and Labanca (2002) in order to investigate the development of racial stereotypes outside the school. Racial stereotyping increased in advertising and emerged in trademark images of Italian companies so that it influenced the idea of otherness between 1890 – i.e. the conquest of Eritrea – and 1922 – i.e. the advent of Fascism.
Nel presente contributo l'autore indaga sulle fonti conservate negli archivi italiani (Archivio di Stato di Siena, Archivio centrale dello Stato, Roma, Archivio dell'Ufficio storico dello Stato Maggiore dell'esercito) relative ai crimini di guerra commessi nella provincia di Siena nel biennio 1943-1944 dalle forze armate tedesche e repubblicane. I crimini cosě individuati sono stati suddivisi in base alla tipologia di appartenenza (omicidio, ferimento, stupro, rastrellamento, danneggiamento di proprietŕ privata e pubblica, requisizione di beni privati e pubblici) e in modo diacronico, secondo tre fasi. La prima fase include i crimini commessi dal settembre 1943 al marzo 1944, nella quale č protagonista la violenza fascista; la seconda fase comprende i rastrellamenti antipartigiani svoltisi nel marzo del 1944; la terza, i crimini commessi durante la ritirata tedesca nell'estate del 1944. I dati raccolti hanno ricostruito l'intreccio di violenze e politica di sfruttamento al quale concorsero non solo le forze armate tedesche, ma anche quelle della Repubblica sociale italiana.
Starting in the Middle Ages, the marvelous included unknown and mysterious creatures living in unexplored places. They were referred to as monsters and belonged to a dimension halfway between fantasy and reality. The understanding and description of these creatures gradually changed as a result of the colonization in the 19th century, when they became part of the colonial imaginary of Western explorers (Surdich, 2003). Gabrielli has suggested that the colonial imaginary of Africa reinterpreted some stereotypes of the Middle Ages. It developed a «duality between positive and negative: history-nature, technological-primitive, religion-superstition» (Gabrielli, 1998, p. 25). The present paper provides a critical assessment of the changes which occurred in the 19th-century colonial imagery. It focuses on how the representation of monsters evolved and investigates into history of imaginary, understood as a cultural history of education (De Giorgi, 2004, p. 265).
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