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No outside funding or assistance of any kind was used for this research or in manuscript preparation. Schafer and Galante are employed by Precision for Value, a payer ad marketing agency that works exclusively with life science companies. Shafrin is employed by Precision Health Economics, a consulting company to insurance and life science industries. Shafer, along with Galante and Shafrin, contributed to study design, data collection, and manuscript preparation. The authors contributed equally to data analysis and interpretation and manuscript revision.

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A NATIONAL URBAN LEAGUE PUBLICATION www.stateofblackamerica.org 2 2020 STATE OF BLACK AMERICA ® UNMASKED ABOUT THE NATIONAL URBAN LEAGUEThe National Urban League is a historic civil rights and urban advocacy organization. Driven to secure economic self-reliance, parity, power and civil rights for our nation's marginalized populations, the National Urban League works towards economic empowerment and the elevation of the standard of living in historically underserved urban communities.Founded in 1910, and headquartered in New York City, the National Urban League has improved the lives of more than two million people annually through direct service programs run by 90 local affiliates in 36 states and the District of Columbia. The National Urban League also conducts public policy research and advocacy work from its Washington, D.C. bureau.The National Urban League is a BBB-accredited organization and has earned a 4-star rating from Charity Navigator, placing it in the top 10% of all U.S. charities for adhering to good governance, fiscal responsibility and other best practices.