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Psoriasis is one of the most prevalent diseases in the world and it affects up to 2% of the worldwide population. Its pathogenesis is complex and the lesions may be triggered by multiple factors. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with anogenital cancers, cutaneous warts and is considered one of the most prevalent infections in the world. In this review, the available literature on the systemic treatment of patients with psoriasis and concomitant HPV infection was analysed.

Background Hair loss is a common problem in dermatological patients. Its diagnosis is based on selected non‐invasive and invasive tests. Searching for new diagnostic methods, especially non‐invasive ones, aims to accelerate the correct diagnosis in the least invasive way possible. The aim of our study was to establish the characteristics of ultrasound images in healthy individuals and to compare them to selected trichoscopic parameters. Materials and methods Eighteen healthy adults (10 women and 8 men) underwent trichoscopy and high‐frequency ultrasound (HF‐USG) with 20 MHz DermaScan transducer on the parietal region of the scalp. Selected parameters were compared in relation to sex and the research method used. Results HF‐USG of the parietal area in all examined patients revealed hyperechogenic entrance echo and less echogenic layer corresponding to the dermis with well‐defined hypoechoic follicular structures (FS). The number of hair units in trichoscopy and the number of FS in HF‐USG did not differ significantly, while the differences in the studied distances between structures were statistically significant. The width of FS in HF‐USG was significantly higher than hair shafts thickness in trichoscopy. Conclusions HF‐USG (20MHz) due to the possibility of visualization of FS can be a valuable complement to the range of non‐invasive diagnostic procedures used in evaluation of the scalp.

Introduction: Trichoscopy allows us to distinguish between different types of alopecia and to determine the stage of the disease. High-frequency ultrasonography (HF-USG) enables the evaluation of structures that are not available for clinical and trichoscopic examination, but it has not been widely used to date in the evaluation of patients with alopecia areata (AA) and other scalp disorders. Aim: To characterise the ultrasound images of patients with AA, including different stages of the disease, and to compare them with trichoscopic images and other scalp diseases. Material and methods: Twenty-five patients with AA, on the basis of trichoscopic examination, were qualified to three groups: with active, inactive, and regrowth phase. Next, HF-USG (20 MHz) with qualitative and quantitative evaluation of various elements of the images was performed: entrance echo (EE), dermis (dermal background; DB), follicular structures (FS), dermal/ subdermal border (D/SB). The results were compared with 10 healthy volunteers, 10 patients with androgenic alopecia (AGA), and 12 with seborrhoeic dermatitis (SebD). Results: Active AA was characterised by FS with distinct borders, drop-like shaped, with a widened distal end located in the lower layers of DB. Inactive AA was characterised by a smaller number of FS without distinct borders. In the regrowth phase, FS of different widths, elongated, and with widened distal parts located at different DB depths were observed. Conclusions: HF-USG (20 MHz) may be a valuable diagnostic method in patients with AA. Ultrasound images of AA vary according to the stage of the disease and in comparison with AGA, SebD, and healthy individuals.

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