Obedience and disobedience have always been salient issues for both civil society and social psychologists. Since Milgram’s first studies on destructive obedience there has not been a bottom-up definition of what obedience and disobedience mean. The current study aimed at investigating the social representations young adults use to define and to co-construct knowledge about obedience and disobedience in Austria. One hundred fifty four (106 females, 68.8%) Austrian young adults (Mean age = 22.9; SD = 3.5) completed a mixed-method questionnaire comprising open-ended questions and free word associations. Overall obedience and disobedience are respectively defined as conformity and non-conformity to regulations, ranging from implicit social norms to explicit formal laws. Authority is multi-faceted and has a central role in orienting obedience and disobedience. Further fundamental determinants of the authority relationship and relevant application of the results are discussed in this paper.

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Psychoanalytic Practice can be understood in the Discursive Genre, in which the dialogical language represents the psychotherapeutic practice. The utterances of the patient and the therapist can be conzeptualized as a system of ''inner'' and ''outer'' voices, which represent transference. In relation to the dialogical self framework of Hubert Hermans which focuses on the interplay of voices and I-positions we concentrate here on the borders of ''inner'' and ''outer'' voice systems of DS through a look at transference and countertransference processes, well known from the psychoanalytic theories of Sigmund Freud. Three levels of operation of the DS are analyzed-conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. Voices operating at preconscious and unconscious levels lead to an understanding of consciousness through therapy considered through the DS framework. Understanding the importance of unconscious and preconscious ''inner'' and ''outer'' voices might be one leading step into direction of consciousness by passing decisions of dominance, ambivalence, and development in psychotherapy to offer high levels of self-reflection on patients and their mental health. KeywordsConcepts in psychoanalysis, cultural psychology, inner and outer voices, client-therapist relation, integration, dialogical self theory, universality Reading Martinez, Tomicic, and Medina (2014) and their understanding of psychotherapy as a discursive genre brings a diversity of ideas to mind.