Virtue ethics (VE), due to its eudaimonistic character, is very anthropocentric; thus the application of VE to environmental ethics (EE) seems to be in contradiction with EE's critical opinion of human centeredness. In the paper, I prove the claim that there is a possibility of elaborating an environmental virtue ethics (EVE) that involves others (including nonhuman beings). I prove that claim through analyzing Ronald Sandler's EVE, especially his concept of pluralistic virtue and a pluralistic approach to the aim of ethical endeavor which is not only focused on personal flourishing but also helps others (including nonhumans) to flourish. I start my analysis with a close look at the application of anthropocentrism in VE, beginning by discerning the three types of anthropocentrism that are most often used in discussion on EE and EVE, namely ontological, epistemological, and ethical. Subsequently, I analyze the concept of personal flourishing, which is responsible for the anthropocentric/egoistic nature of VE, proving that VE is anthropocentric/egoistic only formally, not in its content, and as such is only a rational theory, not a moral one.

In the 1960s, western societies discovered that unlimited technological progress has a very high price that the environment pays. This was also the beginning of the discussions on the role of ethics in the protection of the environment and the moral aspects of nature exploitation. Even though the state of nature was not better in Poland, it took Polish philosophers a few decades to recognize the moral problem and to address it. The prevailing communistic propaganda of progress had blurred the perception of Polish people and they are unable to notice the environmental problem. Thus, only in the 1990s, after the fall of communism, Polish philosophers noticed that our approach to nature can have a moral aspect and we are exhausting the resources of the Earth. Since then, Environmental Ethics in Poland has been developed. Polish Environmental Ethics (PEE) is an interesting blend of inspiration from internationally recognized thinkers as well as original approaches to the ecological problem. The first wave of PEE addresses problems discussed abroad, namely the range of ethics (whom do we include into ethical consideration?) and the problem of values, analyzing them in the context of Polish culture and philosophical traditions. It also proposed original approaches developed by Henryk Skolimowski as well as approaches inspired by the problems considered from the perspective of Catholic theology. The article will give an insight into PEE and will present how these applied ethics have been received and cultivated in Poland in the so called first wave. It will also highlight the problems of the second wave of PEE.

Celem mojej pracy jest wykazanie, że etyka cnót środowiskowych może być etyką normatywną. Po pierwsze przedstawię argumenty za tym, etyka cnót może być uznana za etykę normatywną ( §1). Po drugie wykażę, że normy etyki cnót różnią się od norm etyk deontologicznych i utylitarystycznych ( §2). Analizę etyki cnót środowiskowych zawężę do ujęcia Ronalda Sandlera. Opierając się na jego poglądach, sformułuję maksymę ogólną i przesłanki, które określają, co jest działaniem właściwym ( §3).Słowa kluczowe: etyka cnót środowiskowych; normatywność; Ronald Sandler W zbiorze esejów poświęconych zagadnieniom związanym z etyką i czasem Jacek Jaśtal pisze, że współczesna etyka cnót "to normatywna teoria etyczna, która prezentuje alternatywne podejście do takich teorii, jak utylitaryzm czy deontologizm" (Jaśtal, 2015, s. 7). Z drugą częścią tego stwierdzenia można się zgodzić, jednak jego pierwsza część budzi wątpliwości. Otóż współczesna etyka cnót nie jest tradycyjnie uznawana za etykę normatywną. Toczy się dyskusja wokół jej normatywnego charakteru. Zresztą Jaśtal zaraz prostuje cytowaną wypowiedź, dodając w kolejnym zdaniu, "że w roli teorii normatywnej etyka cnót wypada raczej słabo" (s. 17) .1 Niniejszy artykuł został sfinansowany ze środków Narodowego Centrum Nauki przyznanych na podstawie decyzji numer 2017/01/X/HS1/01491. Pragnę podziękować Michałowi Piekarskiemu i Andrzejowi Waleszczyńskiemu cenne uwagi, które pomogły mi w napisaniu tego artykułu.

Minor Environmental VirtuesEnvironmental virtue ethics is an answer to the deficiency of normative ethical traditions in dispute on environmental crisis. Usually a discussion on virtue concentrates on cardinal virtues and vices providing various catalogues of the character traits that support or hinder our moral development. However, cardinal virtues and vices do not exhaust all of the debate over character; discussions on environmental character can include virtues that are not classified as cardinal but can be equally important. These are so called minor virtues; they are not on the first front of environmental virtue discussion but can play a crucial role in forming the right attitude towards the natural world. This paper analyzes so called minor environmental virtues and their role in forming environmental character Słowa kluczowe: etyka cnót środowiskowych, cnoty środowiskowe, etyka środowiskowa, cnoty mniejsze

Tourism has become one of the most popular leisure activities and the number of tourists has increased remarkably in recent years. UNWTO forecasts further development of this sector, predicting that the number of international arrivals will reach nearly 1.6 billion by the year 2020. Growth in the number of tourists poses a serious threat to the environment. The way to solve this problem is by introducing a more sustainable approach to this sector. The concept of sustainability was recently introduced into tourism and we can already notice many good practices. The article focuses on presenting the concept of sustainable tourism, its key objectives, and main characteristics, cases of its application, challenges connected with a more sustainable approach to tourism. Sustainable tourism is presented as the solution for environmental and social problems caused by intensified tourist activity.