ObjectivesImmersive technologies such as virtual (VR) and augmented reality (AR) can potentially help health professionals and trainees understand psychological symptoms and responsive behaviours associated with dementia within a safe and supportive learning environment. This integrative review sought to ascertain the types of VR and AR-based interventions used in dementia education and training and its efficacy to improve knowledge and attitudes of health professionals or trainees.DesignThe protocol was submitted to PROSPERO and literature published from 2000 onwards was searched in eight databases: CINAHL, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane, Embase, PsycINFO, ERIC and Scopus. A total of 19 articles were included and assessed with the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Methodological quality varied across studies.ResultsVR rather than AR-based intervention are used in dementia education and training for health professional and trainees. Immersive virtual learning potentially enhance knowledge, attitudes, empathy and sensitivity of health professionals and trainees.ConclusionsWhile promising, there remains a lack of conclusive and robust evidence to fully recommend the introduction and inclusion of immersive virtual learning in dementia education and training. Additional rigorously designed research studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm the benefits on attitudes, empathy, sensitivity and knowledge.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020182083.

With the increasing volume of information for students to learn in a health sciences and medicine degree, tertiary educators need teaching resources that can maintain up-to-date information and educate effectively across a range of diseases and illnesses. Holograms may be the disruptive technology that can assist in this goal.

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Acute hyperkalemia can be challenging to recognize clinically since its presentation may be vague. Hyperkalemia can be catastrophic in its outcome, leading to sudden death from cardiac arrhythmias if not recognized and treated emergently. This fact emphasizes the critical need to have a vigilant eye for these cases, provide emergent care, and have timely intervention in order to save patients at risk. We are presenting three cases with hyperkalemia with different outcomes.