In training and in supervision, counselors learn to be cognizant of personal values (e.g., spirituality, religiosity), yet they are enjoined to except them from practice. This article examines the nature of therapist spiritual and religious values and the impact of these values on the practice of psychotherapy. A goal of effective treatment should be the integration of therapist spiritual and religious values with therapist epistemic values in order to accommodate the spiritual and religious needs of both client and counselor. Counselor spiritual and religious values can contribute to therapy, even when the therapist is engaged in a dialectic involving personal and epistemic values.

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For this study, 150 men and 164 women completed the Bem Sex-Role Inventory and the Defense Mechanisms Inventory. Data analyses showed that Turning Against the Object related negatively to femininity, Reversal of Affect related positively to femininity, and that the inner-oriented mode of object relations was associated with femininity. For women only, masculinity related positively with Principalization and Reversal of Affect, and negatively with Turning Against the Self. We interpret the results by viewing the measured defenses as being linked to aggression and its sex-role correlates.

145 married men and 143 married women completed Snyder's 1981 Marital Satisfaction Inventory and the Bern Sex-role Inventory (Short Version). Analyses showed that scores on femininity correlated with more marital satisfaction indices than did scores on masculinity. Masculinity correlated with more marital satisfaction indices for men than for women. Finances showed no relationship with the Bern indices. All of the statistically significant correlations were negative, indicating that sex-role attributes are associated with diminished marital dissatisfaction. Despite the low magnitude of the correlations, their statistical significance points to congruence between sex-roles and marital satisfaction.

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