The study of metabolic responses to drugs, environmental changes, and diseases is a new promising area of metabonomic research. Metabolic fingerprints can be obtained by analytical techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). In principle, alterations of these fingerprints due to appearance/disappearance or concentration changes of metabolites can provide early evidences of, for example, onset of diseases. A major drawback in this approach is the strong day-to-day variability of the individual metabolic fingerprint, which should be rather called a metabolic ''snapshot.'' We show here that a thorough statistical analysis performed on NMR spectra of human urine samples reveals an invariant part characteristic of each person, which can be extracted from the analysis of multiple samples of each single subject. This finding (i) provides evidence that individual metabolic phenotypes may exist and (ii) opens new perspectives to metabonomic studies, based on the possibility of eliminating the daily ''noise'' by multiple sample collection.biofluids ͉ metabolomics ͉ metabonomics ͉ NMR ͉ urine

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2,5-Dialkoxypoly(p-phenyleneethynylene) (3) functionalized with N-t-BOC-L-phenylalanine molecules was synthesized by Pd-catalyzed reaction of dioctyloxybis[(trimethylsilyl) ethynyl] benzene (1) with aromatic diiodide 2 linked to two amino acid units by six carbon atoms alkoxy chains. Optical properties were investigated both in solution and in the solid state (as thin films) by absorption, fluorescence and chiroptical spectroscopies (CD and CPL). Polymer 3, that represents one of few fully characterized dialkoxy-substituted PAEs, is also the first example of a poly(aryleneethynylene) (PAE) with amino acidic chiral pendants

An alternating copolymer, poly(2,5-dioctyloxy-1,4-phenylene-alt-2,5-thienylene), has been synthesized and used in this research. The behavior of the floating film at the air-water interface has been investigated by measuring surface pressure versus area Langmuir isotherms and contemporaneously by reflection spectroscopy and Brewster angle microscopy. The floating films were transferred by the Langmuir-Schäfer (horizontal lifting) method onto various substrates. It is apparent from these analyses that the effective conjugation length is larger than those in other electroactive polymers and that a strong coplanarity and interchain association takes place above all in the floating film on the water surface and in the transferred multilayers. Such films were used as the active layers in resistive chemical gas sensor devices, thus revealing excellent sensitivity toward NO(2), reversibility, and time stability of the response.