Some physicochemical parameters related to groundwater quality obtained from Yola Area of Northeastern Nigeria was investigated for the purpose of drinking and irrigation. An attempt was also made to develop linear regression equations to predict the concentration of water quality having significant correlation coefficients with electrical conductivity (EC). The TDS and EC has perfect correlation coefficients whereas Na -are poorly related with electrical conductivity at 5% level of significance. These data has shown that linear regression equations can be applied in predicting groundwater quality in any location @ JASEM

In Gombe, Bauchi State, Nigeria, gullies are sculptured in the Upper Cretaceous Pindiga Formation and Gombe Sandstones. The former is a sequence of marine shales with limestone interbeds, the later is a sequence of sandstone, siltstone, and shales. Both formations have ironstone cappings. The degree of gully development, the gravity of attendant soil wastage, and environmental hazards are all related to the rock types in which the gully have formed. Hence, the most grievous situations are posed by gullies in the shale/clay member of the Gombe Sandstone and in the shale/clay/limestone units of the Pindiga Formation. An 'undercut and collapse' model is put forward to explain gully initiation and propagation in Gombe.

Chemical speciation of some metal ions in groundwaters of Yola area using geochemical model were carried out to determine the water quality of the area using the PHREEQC speciation model. The Groundwater contains a wide variety of dissolved inorganic species in various concentrations, as a result of chemical and biochemical interactions between groundwater and the geological materials through which it flows, and to a lesser extent because of contributions from the atmosphere and surface water bodies (Freeze and Cherry, 1979). The presence of various inorganic constituents in groundwater is controlled by the reaction mechanisms such as dissolution/precipitation reactions and adsorption including the rates (kinetics) of the geochemical process (Appelo and Postma, 1993). Analytical techniques such as spectrometry and chromatography provide important information about the metals concentration in water, ions in groundwater can form unlimited number of species due to the hydrolysis, complexation and redox reactions (Baes and Mesmer., 1979). The selected five metals are of importance to water chemistry. Calcium is an essential alkaline-earth element for plant and animal life forms, and the solubility of its carbonate in water results in stalactites and stalagmites and hardness in water. Sodium is widely used in the manufacture of sodamide, sodium cyanide, sodium peroxide and sodium hydride as well as in the preparation of tetraethyl lead PbEt 4 an important anti-knock agent in gasoline. Such applications tend to increase its level in the environment. Magnesium is produced from various activities especially in making organomagnesium compounds, useful in organic synthesis and is also an essential alkaline-earth element for plant and animal nutrition. Potassium is used in the manufacture of fertilizers usually as chlorides, sulphate, nitrate and carbonate and is extensively deposited in the environment. Iron is the cheapest and most abundant, useful (especially as an alloy in the production of steel) and important of all metals. Such qualities tend to increase its level in the environment. The PHREEQC speciation model was used to calculate ion activities. The PHREEQC model is a geochemical speciation model that is capable of computing specific equilibrium ion activities among the dissolved and adsorbed species and their equilibrium solid phase. The model is able to consider the interaction of major cations with anions (Cl -, SO 4 2-, HCO 3 -and CO 3 2-) as a function of temperature, ionic strength and pH. The aim of this study is to estimate the activities of various ionic species of sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium and iron in groundwater using geochemical models from the measured ion concentrations.

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