PAE is safe and effective for managing primary PPH. Patients with DIC and massive transfusion were likely to have poor results after PAE.

Although balloon angioplasty has been accepted as the safe and effective initial treatment to manage hepatic venous outflow abnormalities, it may induce rupture of the fresh anastomosis but also may be ineffective to eliminate various etiologies of venous outflow abnormalities in the early post-transplant period. Therefore, we performed primary stent placement in 108 patients to treat early-onset (Յ4 weeks) post-transplant hepatic venous outflow abnormality. The following parameters were documented retrospectively: technical success and complications: clinical success; recurrence; and patency of stent-inserted hepatic veins.Technical success was achieved in 166 (97.6%) of 170 anastomoses (107 patients). Major complications occurred in 5 (4.6%) patients: partial stent migration (n ϭ 2) and stent malposition (n ϭ 3). Clinical success was achieved in 83 (82.2%) of 101 patients who had abnormal liver enzymes or clinical symptoms. Seven patients without initial clinical symptoms have remained healthy. Restenosis or occlusion of the stent-inserted hepatic veins was documented in 22 patients at a mean of 9.6 Ϯ 8.6 months after stent placement. Four of them underwent stent replacement or retransplantation due to liver function deterioration. Overall 1-, 3-, and 5-year primary patency rates were 82.3 Ϯ 0.3%, 75.0 Ϯ 0.4%, and 72.4 Ϯ 0.5%, respectively. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that diameter of stents was an independent factor associated with patency of stents (p ϭ 0.001).Primary stent placement seems to be an effective treatment modality with an acceptable long-term patency to treat early post-transplant hepatic venous outflow obstruction. Liver Transpl 14: 1505-1511, 2008.

Vascular plug-assisted RTO is technically simple and safe and seems to be clinically effective for treatment of GV and HE.

Sequential TACE and PVE before surgery is a safe and effective method to increase the rate of hypertrophy of the FLR and leads to longer overall and recurrence-free survival in patients with HCC.