Nutrition plays an important and modifiable role in bone health. This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary diversity on the risk of any type of fracture in adults. Data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey collected between waves 1997 and 2015 were used. A total of 10,192 adults aged 40 years and older were included in the analysis. Both dietary diversity score (DDS) based on Chinese dietary guidelines (DDS-CDG) and minimum dietary diversity for women (DDS-MDD-W) were computed. Cox proportional hazards regression models were conducted to determine the association. Stratified analyses were conducted in women by the age of fracture using the case-control study approach. In men, higher scores in both the DDS-CDG (hazard ratio (HR) 0.70, 95% CI 0.56–0.88) and DDS-MDD-W (HR 0.67, 95% CI 0.54–0.82) were associated with decreased risk of fracture, however, the associations were not significant in women (DDS-CDG: HR 0.94, 95% CI 0.79–1.12; DDS-MDD-W: HR 0.93, 95% CI 0.79–1.09). In the stratified analyses, higher DDS-CDG (odds ratio (OR) 0.74, 95% CI 0.58–0.95) and higher DDS-MDD-W (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.60–0.95) were associated with lower risks of fracture in women aged 40 to 60 years; in women aged over 60 years, no association was observed (DDS-CDG: OR 1.10, 95% CI 0.83–1.46; DDS-MDD-W: OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.79–1.27). In summary, higher dietary diversity was associated with decreased risk of fracture in men and middle-aged women, but not in women aged over 60 years.

The present study aimed to detect and analyze the concentrations of 12 trace elements in the sera and placental tissues of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in Beijing, China using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Thirty pregnant women that participated in this study, and 20 matched normal controls were recruited in the study; the concentrations of trace elements were compared between these groups. The trace elements iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), strontium (Sr), lead (Pb), aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), and palladium (Pd) were detected in the sera and placental tissues of the pregnant women. Using a double antibody sandwich ELISA, the activity of glutathione peroxidases (GPXs), including GPX1-4, were assessed in the placental tissues. Compared with healthy pregnant women, the concentrations of Fe, Cu, Se, and Cr in the sera of pregnant women with GDM were significantly increased (P ˂ 0.05), whereas no significant differences in Al, Mn, Ni, As, Sr, Pd, and Pb sera concentrations were detected between these groups(P > 0.05); And Zn concentrations did not quite achieve acceptable levels of statistical significance (P = 0.047). Also in comparison to healthy pregnant women, Fe concentrations in the placental tissues of pregnant women with GDM were significantly increased (P ˂ 0.05), whereas Zn, Mn, Al, and As concentrations were significantly decreased (P ˂ 0.05); however, the concentrations of Cr, Ni, Se, Sr, Pd, Pb, and Cu in placental tissues did not differ between the groups. In addition, GPX1-4 activity did not differ between the GDM and healthy groups. The differences in trace element concentrations detected in pregnant patients with GDM and healthy pregnant patients suggest that some elements, such as Fe, Cu, Zn, and Se may play important roles in the disease and could be considered potential biomarkers.