ObjectiveTo assess the effectiveness of emergency single-dose levonorgestrel contraception in preventing unintended pregnancies among woman who visited the emergency department (ED) due to sexual assault (SA).MethodsWe conducted a retrospective chart review in a university hospital in South Korea. Cases from November 10, 2006 to November 9, 2009 were enrolled. Information from the initial visit to the ED and subsequent follow-up visits to the gynecology outpatient clinic was collected.ResultsIn total, 1,179 women visited the ED due to SA. Among them, 416 patients had a gynecological examination and 302 patients who received emergency contraception (EC) (1.5 mg single-dose levonorgestrel) at the ED due to SA were enrolled. Ten patients did not return for follow-up examinations. In follow-up visits at the outpatient clinic, two pregnancies were confirmed, which showed the failure rate of the EC to be 0.68%.ConclusionSingle-dose levonorgestrel EC is extremely effective at preventing pregnancy among victims of SA.

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Kullback-Leibler (KL) information is a measure of discrepancy between two probability density functions. However, several nonparametric density function estimators have been considered in estimating KL information because KL information is not well-defined on the empirical distribution function. In this paper, we consider the KL information of the equilibrium distribution function, which is well defined on the empirical distribution function (EDF), and propose an EDF-based goodness of fit test statistic. We evaluate the performance of the proposed test statistic for an exponential distribution with Monte Carlo simulation. We also extend the discussion to the censored case.

The rhodium(III)-catalyzed CÀHa lkylation and intramolecular cyclization of aldimines with enones are described. Thistransformation provides direct access to the for-mation of C2-carbonyl-substitutedi ndened erivatives with excellent site-selectivity and functional group compatibility.