Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) battery has emerged as one of the most promising next‐generation energy‐storage systems. However, the shuttle effect greatly reduces the battery cycle life and sulfur utilization, which is great deterrent to its practical use. This paper reviews the tremendous efforts that are made to find a remedy for this problem, mostly through physical or chemical confinement of the lithium polysulfides (LiPSs). Intrinsically, this “confinement” has a relatively limited effect on improving the battery performance because in most cases, the LiPSs are “passively” blocked and cannot be reused. Thus, this strategy becomes less effective with a high sulfur loading and ultralong cycling. A more “positive” method that not only traps but also increases the subsequent conversion of LiPSs back to lithium sulfides is urgently needed to fundamentally solve the shuttle effect. Here, recent advances on catalytic effects in increasing the rate of conversion of soluble long‐chain LiPSs to insoluble short‐chain Li2S2/Li2S, and vice versa, are reviewed, and the roles of noble metals, metal oxides, metal sulfides, metal nitrides, and some metal‐free materials in this process are highlighted. Challenges and potential solutions for the design of catalytic cathodes and interlayers in Li–S battery are discussed in detail.

Background-Cardiovascular disease has become the leading cause of death in China. We examined the levels of serum total and lipoprotein cholesterol and status of awareness, treatment, and control of hypercholesterolemia in China. Methods and Results-A cross-sectional survey in a nationally representative sample of 15 540 Chinese adults 35 to 74 years of age was conducted during 2000 to 2001. Serum cholesterol was measured by use of standard methods, and information on treatment of hyperlipidemia was obtained by use of a standard questionnaire. Age-standardized mean levels of total, HDL, and LDL cholesterol and triglycerides were 186.1, 51.7, 109.5, and 128.1 mg/dL, respectively. Of the Chinese population 35 to 74 years of age, 23.8% (112 500 000 persons) had borderline high total cholesterol (200 to 239 mg/dL), and 9.0% (42 540 000 persons) had high total cholesterol (Ն240 mg/dL). The population estimates for borderline high (130 to 159 mg/dL), high (160 to 189 mg/dL), and very high (Ն190 mg/dL) LDL cholesterol were 17.0% (80 122 000 persons), 5.1% (24 329 000 persons), and 2.7% (12 822 000 persons), respectively. In addition, 19.2%, or 90 803 000 persons, had a low HDL cholesterol (Ͻ40 mg/dL). Among those who had a total cholesterol Ն200 mg/dL or who were on cholesterol-lowering medications, the proportion of men and women who were aware, treated, and controlled was only 8.8% and 7.5%, 3.5% and 3.4%, and 1.9% and 1.5%, respectively. Conclusions-The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was relatively high and the percentage of adults with controlled blood cholesterol was low in China. Prevention and treatment of hypercholesterolemia should be an important component of a national strategy to reduce the substantial and increasing burden of cardiovascular disease in China.

Li-Se, [8] and that have extremely high energy densities. However, the nonuniform deposition of Li ions (Li + ) and the large volume change of the Li-metal anode during cycling result in the formation of numerous cracks in the solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) layers, [10][11][12] which accelerate the inhomogeneous deposition of Li and consume more electrolyte, [12,13] causing significant safety issues and low Coulombic efficiency (CE). [14][15][16] In order to solve these problems, tremendous efforts have been made to achieve uniform Li deposition or a steady SEI passivation layer by modifying the solid-state electrolyte, [3,[17][18][19] using lithiophilic hosts, [20][21][22][23][24] and adding electrolyte additives. [25][26][27] Another critical issue is the effect of current density on Li deposition behavior. [28,29] Compared with planar electrodes, a 3D current collector effectively reduces the local current density and delays Li dendrite growth rate due to a larger specific surface area. [30][31][32][33][34] However, there is a