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Using thermal nanoimprinting, a novel transparent and flexible nanotopographical triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), with simultaneous nanoreplication and integration of the contact layer with the electrode layer, is first demonstrated. It is expected that the present rapid one-step fabrication methodology well give "disposability" to the TENG with extremely reduced manufacturing costs, which may allay commercialization concerns.

Water waves are a continuously generated renewable source of energy. However, their random motion and low frequency pose significant challenges for harvesting their energy. Herein, we propose a spherical hybrid triboelectric nanogenerator (SH-TENG) that efficiently harvests the energy of low frequency, random water waves. The SH-TENG converts the kinetic energy of the water wave into solid–solid and solid–liquid triboelectric energy simultaneously using a single electrode. The electrical output of the SH-TENG for six degrees of freedom of motion in water was investigated. Further, in order to demonstrate hybrid energy harvesting from multiple energy sources using a single electrode on the SH-TENG, the charging performance of a capacitor was evaluated. The experimental results indicate that SH-TENGs have great potential for use in self-powered environmental monitoring systems that monitor factors such as water temperature, water wave height, and pollution levels in oceans.

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