In recent years, people pay more and more attention to travel safety and travel risks. Tourism risk perception is a quantitative assessment of tourism security. Destination risk perception of tourists directly affects tourists purchase intention. The asymmetry of the objective existence of tourist safety information and the subjective perception of tourists determines that tourists are extremely sensitive to travel risks. The inevitability of tourism risks requests that tourists have a certain level knowledge of destination environment. This study aimed to systematically review existing researches of tourism risk perception. The study shows: (1) Tourism risk perception includes three views, which were subjective feelings, objective evaluation and the cognition of exceeding the threshold portion of the negative consequences or negative impact that may occur during travel. (2) The subjective factors of tourism risk perception were the physical characteristics and psychological processes. The objective factors include physical risk, economic risk, equipment risk, social risk, psychological risk, time risk and opportunity loss. (3) The multi-dimensional model and the two-factor model were the two main types of risk perception assessment models. The survey (with interviews) and mathematical statistical analysis were the main research methods. Besides, this article highlights three points. (1) There is a certain critical value for travel risk perception of tourists; (2) cognitive ability is an important factor affecting the level of tourists objective risk perception; and (3) quantitative assessment of tourism risk perception level is helpful to the tourism decision making and destination management.

The unfolding high-speed railway (HSR) network is expected to have a great impact on Chinese cities. This paper discusses the international experience of the direct and indirect development effects of the HSR network on cities at the regional, urban and station-area level. It then discusses the potential development implications and planning challenges for China by translating the international experience into a Chinese context. Finally, future topics for research are identified.

3D-printing (3DP) technology has been developing rapidly. However, limited studies on the contribution of 3DP technology, especially multimaterial 3DP technology, to droplet-microfluidics have been reported. In this paper, multimaterial 3D-printed devices for the pneumatic control of emulsion generation have been reported. A 3D coaxial flexible channel with other rigid structures has been designed and printed monolithically. Numerical and experimental studies have demonstrated that this flexible channel can be excited by the air pressure and then deform in a controllable way, which can provide the active control of droplet generation. Furthermore, a novel modular microfluidic device for double emulsion generation has been designed and fabricated, which consists of three modules: function module, T-junction module, and co-flow module. The function module can be replaced by (1) Single-inlet module, (2) Pneumatic Control Unit (PCU) module and (3) Dual-inlet module. Different modules can be easily assembled for different double emulsion production. By using the PCU module, double emulsions with different number of inner droplets have been successfully produced without complicated operation of flow rates of different phases. By using single and dual inlet module, various double emulsions with different number of encapsulated droplets or encapsulated droplets with different compositions have been successfully produced, respectively.

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