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Background Rigorous assessment of the effect of malaria control strategies on local malaria dynamics is a complex but vital step in informing future strategies to eliminate malaria. However, the interactions between climate forcing, mass drug administration, mosquito control and their effects on the incidence of malaria remain unclear. Methods Here, we analyze the effects of interventions on the transmission dynamics of malaria (Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum) on Hainan Island, China, controlling for environmental factors. Mathematical models were fitted to epidemiological data, including confirmed cases and population-wide blood examinations, collected between 1995 and 2010, a period when malaria control interventions were rolled out with positive outcomes. Results Prior to the massive scale-up of interventions, malaria incidence shows both interannual variability and seasonality, as well as a strong correlation with climatic patterns linked to the El Nino Southern Oscillation. Based on our mechanistic model, we find that the reduction in malaria is likely due to the large scale rollout of insecticide-treated bed nets, which reduce the infections of P. vivax and P. falciparum malaria by 93.4% and 35.5%, respectively. Mass drug administration has a greater contribution in the control of P. falciparum (54.9%) than P. vivax (5.3%). In a comparison of interventions, indoor residual spraying makes a relatively minor contribution to malaria control (1.3%–9.6%). Conclusions Although malaria transmission on Hainan Island has been exacerbated by El Nino Southern Oscillation, control methods have eliminated both P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria from this part of China.

Influenza, caused by the influenza virus, is a contagious acute viral respiratory disease with a high incidence rate and wide and rapid spread. Influenza-related morbidity, mortality, and hospitalization rates remain high and are increasing continuously in high-risk groups, with a significant impact on human health and the economy. In order to evaluate the immunogenicity of 3 seasonal trivalent influenza vaccines in Chinese military, we conducted this field trial. We assessed the safety and immunogenicity of 3 seasonal trivalent influenza vaccines(TIVs)manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline(GSK), Beijing Sinovac Biotech (Sinovac), and Shenzhen Sanofi Pasteur (Pasteur) in healthy Chinese servicemen. We used theimported GSKTIV as the control, comparing it with the 2 domestic TIVs in a 1:1:1randomized, double-blind, controlled trial in a military command in Beijing. Healthy individuals, aged between 18 and 34 years, who had not received any influenza vaccine in the preceding3 years were enrolled and administered one dose of a TIV. Safety data were collected throughout the whole study (day 0 to day 30). Blood samples were collected to assess the subjects' immunogenicity before vaccination and 21 d after vaccination. In total, 292 subjects enrolled in the study. Twelve participants (4.1%) reported 12 adverse events. The incidence of adverse events was 1%, 5%, and7% for the GSK, Sinovac, and Pasteur TIVs, respectively. The reported injection-site reaction frequencies were similar for all 3 TIVs (p = 0.217). However, the proportion of systemic reactions was higher after the GSKTIV than after the Pasteur or Sinovac TIV (7.1% vs 3.1% or1%, respectively; p = 0.020). Three TIVs satisfied both the European and US Food and Drug Administration criteria for H1N1–179, H1N1–74, H3N2, and B strains based on the post vaccination sero-protection, the sero-conversion rate, and the geometric mean titer ratio. The Sinovac TIV, Pasteur TIV, and GSK TIV were well tolerated and immunogenic in healthy servicemen in the military. There was no significant difference in the immunogenicity of these 3 vaccines.

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Objective: To analyze the effect of chemotherapy on peripheral blood NK cell receptor NKG2D and related immune cytokines (IL-12, IL-15, IL-18) in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: A total of 48 patients with NSCLC who visited the Oncology Department of the Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College from September 2018 to September 2019 were selected as the study subjects. Changes in the expression levels of NKG2D, IL-12, IL-15 and IL-18 in peripheral blood of patients at different time points (before chemotherapy, after the first chemotherapy and after the second chemotherapy) were analyzed to investigate the correlation between NKG2D and IL-12, IL-15 and IL-18 in peripheral blood at each time point. Results: The expression levels of NKG2D, IL-15, and IL-18 in the peripheral blood of the patient before chemotherapy, after the first chemotherapy, and after the second chemotherapy gradually decreased. After the first chemotherapy and the second chemotherapy, the peripheral blood IL-12 was significantly lower than before chemotherapy, and IL-12 in peripheral blood after the second chemotherapy was slightly increased compared with that after the first chemotherapy. The comparison of each factor at different time points was statistically significant (all P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that after the first chemotherapy, NKG2D in peripheral blood was positively correlated with IL-18 (r = 0.342, P = 0.031); after the second chemotherapy, NKG2D in peripheral blood was positively correlated with IL-18 (r = 0.411, P = 0.023), negatively correlated with IL-15 (r = -0.451, P = 0.001). Conclusion: There was no significant change in the number of NK cells in the peripheral How to cite this paper