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Various agents have been tried in subjects with newly diagnosed Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in an attempt to preserve Beta-cell function. In this double-blind study, nicotinamide or placebo were given for one year to 35 children and adolescents with newly-diagnosed Type 1 diabetes. All subjects were within six weeks of diagnosis and were between the ages of 6 and 18 years. Nicotinamide, a poly-(ADP-ribose) synthetase inhibitor, was given in a dose of 100 mg/year of age up to a maximum of 1.5 g/day. There were no initial differences between the 17 control and the 18 test subjects in relation to mean age, sex distribution, or severity at onset. Mean insulin dosages and HbA1 values were similar for the two groups during the year of study. Fasting and glucagon-stimulated C-peptide levels were similar for the control and nicotinamide treated groups at the beginning and after 4 and 12 months. There were no differences in remission rates between the two groups. Nicotinamide, at this dosage, does not preserve residual insulin secretion in subjects with newly diagnosed Type 1 diabetes.

This report describes an investigation of the respiratory physiology of normal premature and full-term newborn infants. As in previous studies on normals (1-3), minute volumes, rates and tidal volumes have been measured. Additional measurements of CO2 production, plasma CO2 partial pressure, and intraesophageal pressure differences have allowed calculations of effective alveolar ventilation, functional dead space and estimates of the work of respiration. Since certain adaptations were necessary for the study of this age group, the techniques are reported in detail. The data from normal infants are the subject of this report; comparable data for newborns with respiratory distress are reported in a second paper (4). MATERIALThe 63 infants studied by one or more techniques were delivered at the Boston Lying-in Hospital and were considered normal in all respects except that 17 were premature by weight. They ranged from 36 to 42 weeks gestational age and from 1.82 to 4.25 Kg. birth weight. Delivery was spontaneous vertex or low forceps except in five infants delivered by Caesarian section (three because of previous section, one for marginal placental separation, and one for postmaturity), and four by breech extraction. Their ages at the time of observation ranged from three hours to seven days (Tables I-III). Most of those under two days had not been fed prior to the studies. METHODSThe minute volume (V),4 rate (f), and tidal volume (VT), were measured in 35 infants by means of a 65-liter