Fourteen 15-kg hand-raised lambs were subjected to a control treatment or to one 3-hr, -5 C cold shock each day for 4 days. The greatest increase in heart rate occurred at the second hour of cold shock, when ambient temperatures were lowest. This increase became successively smaller each day. The greatest rectal temperature decreases occurred after 3 hr of cold shock, 1 hr after the minimum ambient temperature had been reached. This rectal temperature decrease became successively greater each day as the lambs habituated to the cold shocks. Urinary calcium excretion was 67% higher (P less than .05) in the cold-shocked lambs than in the controls during the 18-hr intervals following the shock. Urinary cortisol excretion was different only on day 2, when the control group showed higher (P less than .05) values. A confinement stress was induced by the placing of four lambs in metabolic cages 5 days after they were removed from a range environment. These lambs were compared to four other lambs in metabolic cages which had been reared in the laboratory. Confinement stress increased urinary cortisol excretion (P less than .05) above that of the laboratory-reared lambs for the first 3 days. A mean urinary cortisol excretion of 41 ng.MBS-1.mr-1 or 20 ng.mg.creatine-1 was found in lambs in the range and laboratory groups over the remainder of the study. The range lambs' nitrogen retention, measured after cortisol excretion returned to baseline, was greater (P less than .05) than that of the laboratory lambs.

People living with HIV (PLWH) have distinct needs when it comes to reproductive health, specifically regarding fertility, family planning, and pregnancy, and these needs are often complicated by HIV status. While there is ample research that focuses on reproductive health in PLWH through a quantitative lens, there is a lack of research using qualitative methods, namely, the narrative interview model. We searched PubMed and relevant abstracts to identify 72 articles published from 1997 to 2016 that described a qualitative framework for exploring the behaviors and perceptions regarding family planning, abortion, pregnancy, parenthood, fertility, and forced sterility in PLWH. The inclusion criteria initially showed 147 articles, which were further screened to exclude those that did not address fertility and family planning specifically. Our final sample of articles included articles related to qualitative research on reproductive attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of PLWH. Several of these articles were mixed-methods analyses, but our focus was on the qualitative portion only. Further qualitative works in this area will not only contribute to gaps quantitative research in the field cannot capture by design, but also inform clinical practice, policy, and interventions through systematic, in-depth evaluation.

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