Due to the environmental imbalance on our planet, the concept of zero waste is gaining importance day by day. It is particularly important in the aspect of production and consumption cycle management and responsible waste management in urban space. The aim of this article is to exemplify methods of reducing waste in smart cities according to the author's Waste Management for Generation, Environment, and Gains (WM2GEG) scheme. An additional aim was to select the most effective ways of rational waste management in smart cities. A structured interview method was used to collect data, and the research sample was selected using the Smart City Index 2020. The study identified environmentally and socially friendly and economically beneficial methods of rational waste management, such as composting organic waste, creating underground waste containers, and incinerating waste with energy recovery. Specific ways to reduce waste are also presented, such as banning disposable packaging and obtaining energy from renewable sources.

Datafication, currently visible in almost all areas of the human life, turned out to be a very good basis for the development of the concept of smart cities. Smart city authorities use various types of information and communication technologies (ICT) in the process of managing individual urban infrastructure systems. Modern ICT solutions enable city authorities to collect and process data about citizens. The purpose of this article is to determine the correlation between datafication and a city’s position in the global smart cities ranking, with particular emphasis on the role of social media. To achieve the goal, the method of examining documents was used. Two independent reports were thoroughly analyzed: the Smart City Index 2020 and the Digital 2021 Local Country Headlines. The study showed that the more residents use social media, the better a city performs in the ranking. Additionally, a directly proportional relationship between the level of urbanization and the percentage of people using the Internet was demonstrated. The results of the presented study may be important primarily for people and institutions responsible for creating modern urban space.

The aim of the article was to identify the benefits and risks resulting from combining top-down and bottom-up initiatives in the context of the technological development of smart cities. In order to achieve the goal, an interview has been conducted with the Deputy Secretary General of GO Smart. It has been shown that the cooperation of top-down and bottom-up initiatives has a positive impact on the city's technological development. The most important benefits of this type of cooperation include increasing innovation and the level of creativity of technological solutions introduced in a smart city, opening the city to new opportunities, as well as increasing the activity of the private sector and the involvement of residents in the city's development. The main risks are related to determining the scope of responsibility for individual initiators when implementing a project as well as the duration of processing applications.

Controlling teleworkers is a complicated process, mainly due to the lack of direct contact between the manager and subordinate. The purpose of the article was to identify the most common forms of controlling teleworkers by their supervisors. In order to achieve the goal, a literature review was carried out within the given scope and a quantitative survey was conducted using an online questionnaire among a group of several hundred teleworkers from various industries. The survey showed that the main reason of the control of teleworkers by their supervisors includes verifying the results of their work. Usually the tele-employer evaluates the results of a subordinate's work in person or asks them to report on the results. The use of working time is generally verified by checking the teleworker's reports and the time spent logged into the system; these forms of control were considered by teleworkers to be the most motivating for the desired employee behaviour.