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The persistence of the effects of prior cold work through subsequent annealing treatment has been investigated by examining the changes in 0•2% yield strength and the microstructural evolution in phosphorus free and phosphorus containing type 316Ti stainless steels with various amounts of mechanical pretreatment. The results showed no specific influence of phosphorus on changes to a cold worked structure during short term treatment carried out in the range 800-1200°C where no second phase precipitation was observed. However, when second phase precipitation did occur the behaviour of the alloys examined was found to be slightly different. For long term annealing in the 600-800°C temperature range an abundant nucleation of fine carbides particles, particularly in the phosphorus containing steel, considerably improved the stability of the cold worked structure by decorating grain boundaries and by pinning the dislocations and, consequently, impeding their climb. This study has highlighted clearly the existence of an optimum annealing temperature for a given level of cold work and that there is an optimum amount of initial deformation for a given annealing temperature. The addition of phosphorus has been shown to result in an increase of strength in type 316Ti with perhaps an insignificant drop in ductility, although a full explanation of how the presence of phosphorus affects the recrystallisation process in a prestrained 316Ti type steel remains to be ascertained.MST/4314

Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) is non-existent in Sahel. Such a situation arises from the high investment costs required by these energy infrastructures and from a lack of information on the identification of suitable sites to accommodate them. Conversely, CSP-biomass plants due to lower investment may be an option for CSP penetration in Sahel where Direct Normal Irradiation (DNI) is between 1400 kWh/m 2 /year and 2000 kWh/m 2 /year and significant biomass potential. This work presents the results of an identification of suitable sites for hybrid CSP-Biomass in the Sahel, case study of Senegal, taking into account the Direct Normal Irradiation, the availability of water, space and biomass potential. The identified sites have a DNI > 1600 kWh/m 2 /year. The biogas production capacity is equivalent to 5,096,563 m 3 /year. The quantity of Typha Australis, invasive plant in Senegal river valley available is estimated at more than 3 million tons. The capacity of electrical energy in this zone is estimated at 6.89 GWe for an installation surface estimated at 275.61 km 2 . The establishment of CSP/hybrid plants can also contribute to combat the proliferation of Typha Australis.

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