This chapter examines tourism policy and planning documents of alpine, Arctic and subarctic regions in terms of: (i) the challenges and trends in European winter tourism; (ii) the planned regional responses to those challenges and trends; and (iii) the future of European winter tourism from a policy and planning perspective.

Although respective research has proliferated, little attention has been given to the processual nature of festivals. By drawing upon the concept of host event zones, we examine how different spectators perceive the development of the heavy metal festival Wacken Open Air (WOA) with respect to the dynamics between the festival as a temporary place in which visitors enjoy spectacle and ritual, a commercial site and the everyday living space of local inhabitants. WOA has grown in 30 years from an initiative by a few friends for devoted metal fans into an internationally renowned music mega-event. WOA represents a consumption mediated 'peaceful utopia' where festivalgoers find social meaningfulness in neo-tribes. However, the accelerating mainstream appeal of Wacken Open Air for a non-metal fan audience, which significantly spurt by the media, challenges both regular attendees' experience of this idealized space and the relationship between the host community and the festival.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract