Tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura is destructive pest causes severe losses to various crops worldwide. The potential of different entomopathogenic fungi (EPFs) against S. litura was conducted at Institute of Plant Protection, MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan by using leaf dip method. Larvae and eggs were the most susceptible while pupae were less susceptible to the tested entomopathogenic fungal isolates. The early instar larvae were highly susceptible to EPFs as compared to the later instar larvae. The median lethal concentration (LC50) values for third instar larvae were 1.13×107 conidia ml-1 and 2.16×107 conidia ml-1 for B. bassiana 25 and I. fumosorosea 32, respectively. The entomopathogenic fungi pathogenicity was increased with increase in conidial concentration and mortality rate also increased. Median lethal time (LT50) of S. litura was increased with decreased in fungus conidial concentrations. The median lethal concentration (LC50) values for eggs were 1.22×106, 2.33×107 and 4.91×106 in Metarhizium anisopliae L6, Beauveria bassiana 25 and Isaria fumosorosea 32, respectively. During the study, no significant effect was recorded on adult emergence while the virulence potential of I. fumosorosea had significant impact on pupal formation. Key words: Armyworm, Entomopathogens, Pathogenicity, Biological Control

OBJECTIVES The overarching aim of this study was to identify the vaccination status of children under five years of age and parents’ perceptions regarding vaccination in district Hangu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. METHODOLOGY A cross-sectional survey was carried out between April 1, 2017, to May 31, 2017, in Union Council Ganjano Kaley of district Hangu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Ethics approval was obtained from the IRB of District Headquarter hospital, Hangu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Data were collected from the parents of these 100 children through an adapted questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were calculated for the variables using SPSS version 20.  RESULTS Out of 100 children, 43% were males and 57% were females.  Among these, 18% were living in nuclear families while 82% were living in combined families. 77% of participants had immunization cards with them, while 23% had no immunization cards.  Regarding immunization status, 80% of children were fully immunized, 19% were partially immunized and 1% were not immunized. CONCLUSION The overall immunization coverage rate was satisfactory. Parents showed confidence in the public sector vaccination services. In view of population expansion, more vaccinators need to be employed to achieve effective and sustainable vaccination coverage.