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Abstract

We determined the after-tax income required to finance basic needs for Canadian elders living with different circumstances in terms of age, gender, city of residence, household size, homeowner or renter status, means of transportation, and health status. Using 2001 as our base year, we priced the typical expenses for food, shelter, medical, transportation, miscellaneous basic living items and home-based long-term care for elders living in five Canadian cities. This is the first Canadian study of basic living expenses tailored to elders instead of adults in general, prepared on an absolute rather than a relative basis. We also accounted for an individual's unique life circumstances and established the varying effect that they have on the cost of basic expenses, particularly for home care. We found that the maximum Guaranteed Income Supplement and Old Age Security benefit did not meet the cost of basic needs for an elder living in poor circumstances.

Many countries are changing their social security retirement program from defined benefit (DB) to a defined contribution (DC) basis. Other countries such as the United States are discussing the introduction of a defined contribution component. The replacement of a DB social security retirement system by a DC system raises many important social and economic issues. Thoughtful consideration must be given to the choice of criteria for prioritizing objectives and outcomes, as well as in weighing the advantages and disadvantages between different cohorts. For example, if any defined benefit obligations are not fully funded at transition, a double burden will rest with transition generation(s). Moreover, economists tend to assess the value of the system based on measures of economic efficiency and the lack of impediments to a freely operating labour market. But such an assessment may not give adequate recognition to factors such as individual wealth/poverty, an individual's ability to make optimal investment decisions, and transaction costs associated with operating individual accounts. Indeed, some countries have suggested that notional defined contribution (NDC) accounts may be the best way to address such issues.Focusing on the adoption of a funded DC social security retirement program in Chile and the adoption of a paygo NDC social security retirement program by Sweden, this research identifies factors of financial markets, economics, and demographics necessary to enable a move to DC accounts. In addition, it identifies the characteristics of the financial markets that are necessary to support payments (wealth transfers) to retirees from a DC social security retirement program. The paper considers the questions of social security funding and plan type (DB vs. DC) and attempts to assess the suitability of certain reform options for the United States. It approaches the issue by trying to identify the features of each type and the strengths and weaknesses associated with those features. A significant part of this analysis is the illustrative description of two realworld plans, Chilean and Swedish. It then uses the theoretical considerations and the experience of those plans to draw conclusions about reform proposals in the U.S., particularly the President's Commission to Strengthen Social Security Model 2.

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