Rap music emerged as an aesthetic cultural expression of the urban youth in the late 1970s. It has been denoted as the poetry of the youth who are often disregarded as a result of their race and class status. Since it first came on the music scene, rap has gone through a number of phases, and it has been used as a medium to express a variety of ideas, feelings, and emotions. Hope, love, fear, anger, frustration, pride, violence, and misogyny have all been expressed through the medium of rap. This article examines the use of misogynistic ideology in gangsta rap and traces the connection between its prevalence in rap and the larger cultural picture of how African American women have been characterized historically.

Research Summary There is mounting evidence of a widespread popular backlash against globalization in advanced economies, which can hurt multinational companies' (MNCs) interests. In this article, we argue that MNCs are both “culprits” and “victims” of backlash against globalization. Building on the comparative capitalism literature, we argue that national institutions influence the likelihood of a backlash by either encouraging MNCs to embrace a “labor arbitrage” strategy consisting in tapping into cheap labor markets overseas or preventing them from doing so. Where institutional constraints lead firms to adopt an “upgrading” route of using domestic workers, popular backlash is less likely. Such institutional factors help to explain variation in the likelihood of backlash across countries. We also discuss the strategic options available to firms facing backlash. Managerial Summary Multinational companies are increasingly facing a backlash against globalization that, in some countries, may lead to policies that directly hurt their interests. Yet little is known about the link of this phenomenon with firm‐level strategies. In this article, we draw on comparative capitalism analysis to show that national institutions play a key role in determining the likelihood of backlash. They do so by inducing/discouraging MNCs to adopt certain strategies that expose non‐university‐educated workers to globalization pressures, influencing, in turn, the electorate's attitude toward globalization. We also present and discuss the strategic options available to firms facing backlash.

China, Venture capital, Technology, Technology development, Rule of law, Political economy,

The reasons behind the innovation successes and failures in the Taiwanese electronics industry have been widely discussed. This paper makes its contribution to the debate by comparing the innovation outcomes for three products: complimentary metal oxide silicon (CMOS) logic, dynamic random access memory (DRAM) and active matrix liquid crystal displays (AMLCDs). Four success factors are identified to characterize products where the Taiwanese pursue innovation: granularity of production; absence of need for large amounts of patient capital; volume production; and manufacturing-based production. In turn, this paper argues that products exhibiting these characteristics succeed because such characteristics draw upon the institutional and historical strengths of the Taiwanese economy. The paper broadens the inquiry to assess what lessons the Taiwanese innovation successes have for developing countries. It is argued that the new lesson Taiwan has to offer is that countries can become innovators by concentrating their human and financial capital through granularization of production.increasingly relevant. It is argued here that social networks sustain interpersonal routines, which not only transgress organizational boundaries but on occasion also incubate new organizations in order to ensure their continued existence. This paper presents an overview of the routine concept and an argument for applying it in a network embeddedness context. Two case studies are presented, covering examples from the Danish dairy and the Danish machinery industry.

This paper evaluates the impact of ongoing cross-strait economic integration on the development of China and Taiwan. The overall impact has been positive for both economies. Taiwan's industrial employment remains robust even as it transforms into a knowledge-based economy. Taiwanese investment has spurred China's technological development.