TRANSFERENCE, COUNTERTRANSFERENCE, AND RESISTANCE: UNCONSCIOUS DETERMINANTS OF DILEMMAS Transference, countertransference, and resistance are all psychological processes that affect the ongoing nature of psychotherapy, and all are presumed to be unconsciously determined (Auld & Hyman, 1991). Transference is an unconsciously influenced emotional reaction of the patient to the psychotherapist and (in a less technical sense) other health care providers that originates from the patient's earlier experiences related to significant others, especially caregivers, and that are inappropriate to the present context or way in which the therapist is currently dealing with the patient. Countertransference is the unconscious reactions of the psychotherapist (and other clinicians as well) that are stimulated by a given patient, the characteristics of a given patient, and, in particular, to the transferences of a given patient, that is, "countertransference proper" (Orr, 1954). If not consciously recognized by the therapist, these internal reactions are likely to be dealt with inappropriately by the clinician in his or her verbal or behavioral responses to the patient. Finally, resistance is an unconscious influence within the psy-127