Background: Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB) is a significant debilitating clinical condition. It may have a significant impact on women’s quality of life with significant burden to the country’s economy. The primary aim was to categorize women with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB) according to PALM COEIN classification system and to correlate the clinical diagnosis and histopathologic features of various causes of AUB.Methods: A retrospective study was carried out on 250 non-gravid reproductive age women between 25-45 years with complaints of AUB at Mediciti Institute of Medical Sciences, a rural tertiary teaching hospital during the period January 2014 to December 2015.Results: The PALM and COEIN groups accounted for 60.4% and 39.6% respectively. Leiomyoma was the most common cause of AUB (30.4%) and Ovulatory disorders was the 2nd most common cause of AUB (13.6%). A total of 172 (68.8%) were classified as having chronic AUB and 78(31.2%) as having acute AUB. In AUB-L, the difference in clinical and histopathological diagnosis was significant (p=0.03).Conclusions: Structural causes of AUB contributed more to the cause of AUB. The PALM COEIN classification system helps us in understanding various etiological causes of AUB and can be used by clinicians and researchers for international comparisons.

Background: PPH is the most frequent cause of maternal mortality, accounting for over 35% of maternal deaths globally. Tranexamic acid is advised to be administered in all PPH patients, regardless of the etiology of PPH, and should be regarded as a standard complete PPH therapy package. Objective: To assess the efficiency and safety of intravenous tranexamic acid (TA) for reducing postpartum blood loss after vaginal birth and LSCS, as well as to keep track of any negative effects that may occur. Materials and Methods: Females at high risk of PPH who were delivered vaginally or through LSCS were included in this research, which was done as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled experiment at our Institute. All individuals were divided into the study group (tranexamic acid) and control group at random. The effectiveness (volume of blood loss and incidence of PPH) and safety (vitals and side effects) of the two groups were compared. Results: In comparison to the control group, the study group's mean blood loss was considerably lower from the time the placenta was delivered until the conclusion of labor and from that point until two hours after delivery (p 0.05). In the control group, PPH incidence was substantially greater (p 0.05). Between the two groups, there was no statistically significant difference in the vital signs (p>0.05). The study group's most prevalent tranexamic acid adverse effect was nausea (16%), which was followed by vomiting and diarrhea (9% and 1%, respectively). Conclusion: Regardless of the origin of PPH, tranexamic acid is a powerful medication that may be administered safely for preventive therapy. Regardless of the method of administration, this antifibrinolytic drug dramatically reduces blood loss and PPH incidence. Although the medicine is linked to mild adverse effects including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, significant consequences like thromboembolic phenomena, maternal or neonatal morbidity, and death have not been reported.

Stillbirth is a tragic pregnancy complication associated with emotional, social, and economic disruptions. Stillbirth may be caused by advanced maternal age, smoking, obesity, comorbid conditions, low socioeconomic status, substance use during pregnancy, and other factors. Although evidence suggests a number of factors that contribute to stillbirth, the use of analgesics increases the risk of stillbirth. Each drug has its own set of advantages and disadvantages, which may have direct or indirect effects on fetal health. Drug exposure was associated with a twofold increase in the risk of pregnancy-related stillbirth. Control over the use of analgesics during pregnancy is not well-established due to a lack of substantial evidence implicating stillbirth as a consequence of analgesic use. In light of this, the risk of analgesic-induced stillbirth is highlighted in the present literature review. Widespread knowledge exists regarding the abuse of analgesics as over-the-counter medications. Painkillers are frequently used for self-medication without the supervision of a physician. Some of these medications tend to cross the placental barrier and can have harmful effects on the developing fetus. A pregnant woman may be compelled to take analgesics for a variety of reasons, including the discomfort associated with the mother's body adjusting to the changes that occur during pregnancy. Analgesics are ingested irrationally, resulting in pregnancy-related complications such as miscarriage, due to their accessibility and lack of knowledge regarding embryonic risk.