The hereditary parenthood of genepool plays important role in crop improvement. D2 statistics is a powerful estimating the magnitude of genetic diversity. Comparative study was conducted to estimate the genetic distances among ten parental lines of upland cotton in two different sets of environments indicated the varying pattern of genetic distances along with varying pattern of dendograms revealed the role of environmental factors controlling expression of quantitative characters and subsequent magnitude of genetic diversity estimates. Clustering based on D2 analysis provides a statistical tool for selecting the diverse parents for hybridization program. The D2 distances matrix calculated for Environment (E1), Environment (E2) and average (E1 & E2) shown mean genetic distances of 15.38, 14.83 and 14.15 respectively. Comparing D2 matrices among E1, E2 and average of environments (E1 & E2) revealed the significant effect of environment on genetic distances with mean values 0.56 (E1 vs E2), 0.82 (E1 vs Avg [E1 & E2]) and 0.62 (E2 vs Avg.[E1 & E2]). The average deviation of 0.82 was estimated for genetic diversity estimates over the environments. The recent techniques of molecular techniques (MAS) should be used for precise estimation of genetic diversity followed by clustering pattern for effective selection of diverse parents for exploitation of phenomenon of heterosis.

Cotton refers to those species of genus Gossypium that bears the spinnable seed coat fibres. The proteins and enzymes are the primary product of the genes and hence are most suitable for determination of genetic purity and polymorphism. The biochemical and molecular markers may complement the efforts to reduce the burden to a greater extent, as these are estimates devoid of environmental factor which a cause of error. Especially in the selection of parents based on biochemical and molecular polymorphism, there is marked improvement in the screens for the quantitative traits and understanding their architecture. The banding pattern of biochemical markers revealed that the maximum number of bands were recorded in esterase analysis (fifteen) followed by protein analysis (twelve) whereas, only five bands each were detected in peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase analysis indicating limited polymorphism. The Relative Mobility (Rm) values were ranged from 0.083 to 0.883 (protein), 0.100 to 0.971 (esterase), 0.033 to 0.283 (peroxidase) and 0.048 to 0.206 (polyphenol oxidase).

The copper (II) complex [Cu(1,10-phen)(2,6-pyridinedicarboxamide)](NO3)2 has been synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV), Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) and Photoluminescence (PL) analysis. The copper complex was connected to two sides, 1,10-phenanthroline and 2,6 py-dicarboxamide ligands, providing a five-coordinate Cu (II) complex. The commercial heterocyclic base coordinated copper metal complex was found to have antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It is noted that the commercial ligand with a copper metal complex was found to be more biologically active, and the DNA-binding properties of the copper complex were investigated by UV, PL, and cyclic voltammetry measurements. The obtained results indicate that the Cu (II) complex binding in DNA through an intercalation mode and the binding constant (Kb) value of the complex as 1.9 × 104 M−1, respectively.