Istanbul's last foundation waterway was established by Abdulhamid II under the name of "Abdulhamid Khan Hamidiye Water Facilities" in order to provide quality drinking water to the city and Yildiz Palace. With the establishment of Hamidiye Water Facilities, pressurized water was started to be provided to the city for the first time. The water brought to the city was distributed to the public by connecting it to some existing fountains on the water pipeline or by building new fountains. The fountains built for Hamidiye Water are extremely elaborate and decorated. In addition, there are fountains made of iron and marble that are identified with Hamidiye Water. It was calculated that water could initially be supplied to about 30 street fountains with the facility which started its service in 1901-1902. However, over time, there were attempts in order to supply water to more places. The buildings and fountains belonging to Hamidiye Water Facilities are important structures of our cultural and industrial heritage. However, some of the buildings and fountains have not survived till today. Those who have survived to the present day have lost their functions as a result of changing living conditions and their relationship with their environment as a result of the change of the traditional texture. Some of Hamidiye Fountains, which possessed the highest artistic taste of the period, have lost their original form as they have been destroyed in time, and others have been relocated. In addition, the losing process of the originality of the fountains still continues today due to many factors such as environmental conditions, faulty repairs with incorrect materials and poor labor and other unconscious interventions. In this study, the current status of the structures of Hamidiye Water Facilities and the fountains, which are an important part of the historical city texture, was investigated. The conservation problems of the existing structures and fountains were determined, and the information on the shape and material properties of the structures and some fountains that have not survived was obtained. In addition, fountains whose locations have changed over time by being removed from the water pipeline and given different names were identified. In line with the findings, conservation proposals were made for the structures and fountains belonging to Hamidiye Water Facilities which have reached the present time.

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Rocks have been used in landscape architecture for both ornamental and plant growing purposes. In the historical process, developments in materials and design have turned rockworks into garden elements with high expressive power and artistic features in different cultures. Rocks were also included in the Ottoman gardens during the Westernization Period. Aim: The gardens of Yıldız Palace are important examples having elements made using artificial rock. Examining the designs, material properties and construction techniques of such garden items are important in terms of their conservation. In this context, Hasbahçe, garden of Şale Pavilion and Yıldız Park were chosen as the study area. Method: The rockwork arrangement in the gardens, the photographs in Yıldız Albums were examined, the relevant archival documents and literature were reviewed. Findings and Conclusion: It has been observed that these decorations built in the form of "rockwork" such as rocks, cliffs, grottos, and cascades are used on the edge of a promenade or stairs, or used on the shore of an artificial pond whether in the form of individual or groups of rocks, or used as part of a water element. Large-scale rockwork is not preferred in these gardens as in the other gardens of Yıldız Palace. It has been concluded that these elements are as qualified as those produced in Europe with their layout, design, other garden elements with which they are associated. However, it has been observed that some of the rockworks could not be preserved due to neglect, material deterioration and new garden arrangements, and a part of the survivors have conservation problems.

Designs that were rich in planta land architectural elements were used in the gardens of civilian residences like manor, mansion and seaside residences as well as royalty structures such as palaces and pavilions in Istanbul in the Ottoman period. Unfortunately most of the gardens civilian residences having high a esthetic value could not be protected. Gardens of those civilian residences are significant in terms of showing the tastes of their designers and the understanding of design in the civilian residence gardens of the period. One of these featured gardens of this type is the garden built in the early 20th century in the Fenerbahçe locality of Kadıköy district in Istanbul by Müşir Fuad Pasha, who witnessed all four of the Sultan Abdelaziz, Sultan Abdelhamid, Constitutional Monarchy and the Republic periods and was assigned various military and political duties during these four periods. The garden is mentioned as Fuat Pasha Garden. Fenerbahçe locality dating back to the ancient period lived it bright day during the reign of Abdelhamid II became a popular recreation area fort he public, and the inhabitants of this neighborhood including local people and foreigners lived in mansions with beautiful gardens. The garden of Fuad Pasha which was located in Fenerbahçe was imprinted on the memories with its design, construction process, and the events organized in it. Although the garden of Fuad Pasha could not be preserved until today, it was possible to identify the design features of the garden and the changes it went through during the historical process from the written sources providing information about the garden, from an oldp hotograph, from the garden plan shown on an oldmap, and from the narratives of old residents of the locality. For this reason, the garden of Fuad Pasha was selected as the subject of this study to bring a garden of a civilian residence dating back to the Ottoman period in Istanbul in to the literature.

İstanbul'un tarihi su yapılarını merkeze alan araştırmaların önemli kısmı, zaman içinde tahrip olan yapılardan ve artan koruma sorunlarından ötürü güncelliğini yitirmiş olup günümüzdeki yapı niceliği ve korunma durumunu yansıtmamaktadır. Dolayısıyla güncel değerlendirmelere ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda gerçekleştirilen bir ön değerlendirme niteliğindeki bu çalışmada, literatür ve saha incelemesi gerçekleştirilerek su yapıları ile ilgili güncel koruma sorunlarını belirlemek hedeflenmiştir. Çalışmada öncelikle İstanbul'da su temininin kısa tarihçesi, ardından tarihi su yapılarını olumsuz etkileyen şehrin büyüme ve dönüşüm sorunları aktarılmış, devamında bu sorunların tarihi su yapılarına etkileri bentler ve havuzlar, su kemerleri, su terazileri, maksemler, sarnıçlar, çeşmeler, sebiller, şadırvanlar, hamamlar başlıkları altında ele alınmıştır. Çalışma, mevcut su yapılarının büyük ölçüde işlevini ve birbirleriyle ilişkilerini kaybettiğini, şehrin yoğunluğu içinde algılanmalarının güçleştiğini, ancak bazı bentler ve ilişkili oldukları havuzların su toplama ve çöktürme, bazı çeşmelerle şadırvanların su dağıtma işlevini sürdürdüğünü ve bu yapılarda malzeme bozulmalarından kaynaklanan sorunlar olduğunu göstermiştir. Yapılan incelemeler, tarihi su yapılarının en büyük zararı imar hareketlerinden gördüğünü, bu kapsamda birçoğunun özgün yerlerinden kaldırılarak kaybolduğunu ya da farklı noktalara yerleştirildiğini, tesisler arasındaki su yollarının yok olduğunu; hatalı onarım, kötü kullanım, çevre kirliliğinin, düzenli bakım ve koruma çalışmalarının yapılmamasının ise su yapılarının yıpranmasında öne çıkan diğer önemli etmenler olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.