1980s drafts were composed largely of ice exceeding 3.5 m, while the early 1990s drafts contained more ice in thinner categories. The differences in drafts between the two periods appear to be related largely to ice dynamics effects associated with the presence and strength of the Beaufort Gyre, which weakened considerably in the early 1990s.

Numeric analysis of otolith morphology provides vital information to commercial fisheries concerning the age distribution, racial origin, and, to some extent, the environmental history of fish stocks. Conventional methods used to retrieve these data, though proven to be effective, are time consuming, susceptible to ambiguous interpretations, and only semiquantitative. Fourier shape descriptors, when used to analyze outlines of otolith silhouettes, represent a rapid, objective, semiautomated means of obtaining much of this information. Analysis of Fourier shape information derived from otoliths of juvenile and adult Alaskan herring and adult Northwest Atlantic herring show that otolith shape reflects differences in fish age and fish race. The shape of otoliths of juvenile fish are significantly different from those of adult fish. Few shape differences can be found, though, between otoliths from adult fish of different age within the same stock. Distinct differences exist between Atlantic and Alaskan adult otolith shapes. For some stocks, minor shape differences occur between left and right otoliths. Differences in otolith shape arising from sexual dimorphism are not apparent.

During March 1988 a series of coordinated special sensor microwave imager (SSM/I) underflights were carried out with NASA and Navy aircraft over portions of the Bering, Beaufort, and Chukchi seas as part of the NASA Defense Meteorological Satellite Program SSM/I Sea Ice Validation Program. The two Navy research aircraft, a Naval Research Laboratory P‐3 with the NOARL Ka band radiometric mapping system operating at 33.6 GHz and a Naval Air Development Center (NADC) P‐3 with the NADC‐Environmental Research Institute of Michigan (ERIM) C band synthetic aperture radar (SAR), provided wide‐swath, high‐resolution microwave imagery for direct comparison with sea ice concentrations calculated from SSM/I radiances using the NASA sea ice algorithm. Coincident measurements made with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) C band SAR and the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) aircraft multifrequency microwave radiometers (AMMR) on the NASA DC‐8 airborne laboratory provided additional verification of the algorithm. NASA DC‐8 AMMR data from Bering Sea ice edge crossings were used to verify that the ice edge location, defined as the position of the initial ice bands encountered by the aircraft, corresponds to an SSM/I ice concentration of 15%. Direct comparison of SSM/I and aircraft ice concentrations for regions having at least 80% aircraft coverage reveals that the SSM/I total ice concentration is lower on average by 2.4%±2.4%. For multiyear ice, NASA and Navy flights across the Beaufort and Chukchi seas show that the SSM/I algorithm correctly maps the large‐scale distribution of multiyear ice: the zone of first‐year ice off the Alaskan coast, the large areas of mixed first‐year and multiyear ice, and the region of predominantly multiyear ice north of the Canadian archipelago. Quantitative comparisons show that the SSM/I algorithm overestimates multiyear ice concentration by 12%±11% on average in the Chukchi and Beaufort seas. Excluding data for a day which gave anomalously large positive biases, the multiyear ice concentration difference reduces to 5%±4%, also indicating a positive SSM/I bias. Anomalously low SSM/I concentrations were found in the coastal zone north of Ellesmere Island. Differences between multiyear ice concentrations estimated from the JPL C band SAR imagery and from the GSFC AMMR radiances using an SSM/I type algorithm show that the AMMR concentrations are smaller on average by 6%±14%. Sea ice conditions are described, and possible causes of the observed differences are discussed.

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