Buyant river basin is one of the most elevated river basins of Mongolia. Its total area is 8488.7 km2, and the basin, administratively, occupy the territories of 33 bags belonging to 5 soums of Khovd (Duut, Jargalant, Buyant, and Khovd) and Bayan-Ulgi (Deluun) aimags. For the past 300 years, bottoms of the basin used for agriculture while majority of rest land exploited by traditional nomadic livestock breeding. The soils in the basin is contrast due to its altitudinal differences. There are 35 types of soils belonging to 18 soil groups of 9 orders are distributed in the Buyant river basin. The purpose of this paper is to define quantitative analysis for soil and it properties and identify external linkages with other natural factors and socio-economic indicators. The research is employed basic soil laboratory analysis following traditional methods. For the factor analysis, the multiple linear regression analysis is used. According to the results, the soils in the Buyant river basin are generally low fertile with sandy and sandy clay texture. The soil physical properties largely dependent on climate change, aridity, and land use. Besides, abovementioned natural factors and their impacts of soil properties the soil itself define social processes going on in at the basin level.