No abstract

Respect for the state authority remains central in Mongolian political culture. Respect (hündetgel), a technology engaged in the construction of the notion of the state, produces the state power. People unite with the state in deference to the cult of the state and this enhances the power of the state, giving the state an after-life of its own. This paper discusses the dialectical relationship between people's respect for the rules and customs of the former state(s), which now come down to represent an abstract state devoid of historical context, and their engagement with the actual state.

The square was originally named after the communist revolutionary leader Sükhbaatar Damdin, and the name changed to Chinggis from 2013 to 2016. The above incident occurred on the square when it was called Chinggis Square. The peace was also interrupted on 1 July 2008, by protestors who resisted the results of the election. In the riot, police used tear gas and non-lethal weapons and killed five people. Unlike this riot, on 16 September 2013, it was the activists who brought arms in order to show their resistance against decisions of the central government and Parliament. Uyanga is a woman in her forties who is a journalist and activist. She had been organising and leading dozens of nationalist movements and demonstrations against the state rulers, and was elected to the Parliament in 2012. For the full video, see www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQiaMYSGdO0. For other dilemmas in Mongolia, see also Badral Zulbayar (2015) and Mendee Jargalsaikhan (2018). Many others also write about how other countries (Cordero et al. 2005, 1;Song and Woo 2008) experience similar economic and environment dilemmas in their own ways. International organisations, analysts and the media frequently address the economic slowdown triggered by environmental policy. Also, major surveys also suggest the same. For example, Forbes Insights survey shows that the United States regulatory environment has more impact on business than the economy (Moreno 2014).

Following Laura Bear et al.'s discussion of 'generating capitalism', this article presents an account of two historical periods in which certain Mongolian rulers made the deliberate decision to embrace Euro-American capitalism. They explain that this was done to help Mongolia entice 'third neighbours' whose interests secure Mongolia's independence by preventing Mongolia from being occupied by China or Russia. This paper then recounts how, during each of these historical periods, the nation-state's rulers prioritized the declaration and consolidation of de facto constitutive political independence. Building on this prioritization of the political, this paper argues that the generation of capitalism in Mongolia is not for the sake of the economy itself, as Bear et al. suggest, but for the sake of independence. Reflecting on this, this article shows how global capitalism can be seen not as a threat to the nation-state but as a help to balance dependences.