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The microalgae-induced membrane system applied in wastewater treatment has attracted attention due to microalgae’s outstanding nutrient fixation capacity and biomass harvesting. However, the fundamental understanding of the interaction of microalgae and membrane surfaces is still limited. This study presents experimental and numerical methods to analyze the attachment of microalgae to the membrane. An atomic force microscope (AFM) analysis confirmed that a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sensor, as a simulated membrane surface, exhibited a rougher surface morphology than a polyurethane (PU) sensor did. The contact angle and adsorption analysis using a quartz crystal microbalance confirmed that the PDMS surface, representing the membrane surface, provided a better attachment affinity than the PU surface for microalgae because of the lower surface tension and stronger hydrophobicity of PDMS. The simulation studies of this work involved the construction of roughly circular-shaped particles to represent microalgae, rough flat surfaces to represent membrane surfaces, and the interaction energy between particles and surfaces based on XDLVO theory. The modeling results of the microalgae adsorption trend are consistent and verified with the experimental results. It was observed that the interfacial energy increased with increasing the size of particles and asperity width of the membrane surface. Contrarily, the predicted interaction energy dropped with elevating the number of asperities and asperity height of the microalgae and membrane. The most influential parameter for controlling interfacial interaction between the simulated microalgae and membrane surface was the asperity height of the membrane; changing the height from 50 nm to 250 nm led to alteration in the primary minimum from −18 kT to −3 kT. Overall, this study predicted that the microalgae attachment depends on the size of the asperities to a great extent and on the number of asperities to a lesser extent. These results provide an insight into the interaction of microalgae and membrane surface, which would provide information on how the performance of microalgae-based membrane systems can be improved.

The concept of thermophilic membrane-aerated biofilm reactor (ThMABR) is studied by modeling. This concept combines the advantages and overcomes the disadvantages of conventional MABR and thermophilic aerobic biological treatment and has great potential to develop a new type of ultra-compact, highly efficient bioreactor for high-strength wastewater and waste gas treatments. Mathematical modeling was conducted to investigate the impact of temperature (mesophilic vs. thermophilic) and oxygen partial pressure on oxygen and substrate concentration profiles, membrane–biofilm interfacial oxygen concentration, oxygen penetration distance, and oxygen and substrate fluxes into biofilms. The general trend of oxygen transfer and substrate flux into biofilm between ThAnMBR and MMABR was verified by the experimental results in the literature. The results from modeling studies indicate that the ThMABR has significant advantages over the conventional mesophilic MABR in terms of improved oxygen and pollutant flux into biofilms and biodegradation rates, and an optimal biofilm thickness exists for maximum oxygen and substrate fluxes into the biofilm.

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