In this retrospective observational study, medical case records of neonates who required mechanical ventilation for >48 h were evaluated to determine the incidence, risk factors, morbidity and mortality of VAP in the NICU of Institute of Child Health, Chennai, India between January 1 and October 31, 2007. VAP was diagnosed using the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria for diagnosis of clinically defined nosocomial pneumonia in infants. The criteria includes: Worsening gas exchange, increasing oxygen requirements, or increasing ventilator settings and at least three of the following: temperature instability; leukopenia or leukocytosis and left shift; increasing respiratory secretions or increasing suctioning requirements; apnea, tachypnea, nasal flaring with retraction of chest wall or grunting; wheezing, rales, or rhonchi; bradycardia or tachycardia and two or more serial chest radiographs with at least one of the following: new or progressive and persistent infiltrate; consolidation; cavitation; pneumatoceles.Of the 265 mechanically ventilated neonates enrolled in the study, 135 neonates entered the study cohort. The incidence of VAP was 22.22 cases per 100 mechanically ventilated neonates. Klebsiella (66.67%) was the predominant organism isolated from the lower respiratory tract specimen (LRT) collected through the endotracheal tube. Home delivery, respiratory distress at admission, unstable cardiopulmonary assessment at admission defined as atleast one of the following: unstable airway/abnormal breathing/abnormal circulation/altered mental status, repeated intubations (more than 1), prolonged ventilation, prolonged duration of hospitalization and level III stay were found to significant risk factors for VAP by univariate analysis. Factors that retained significance in multivariate logistic regression model were unstable initial cardio pulmonary assessment (p value=0.010, adjusted OR: 0.2, 95% CI: 0.0,0.6) and repeated intubations (p value, 0.001, adjusted OR: 34.3, 95 % CI: 8.3,142.4). The mortality rates for the neonates with VAP was 50% and for those without VAP was 69.5 % (p value=0.030).VAP is a serious nosocomial infection. Preventable risk factors should be addressed in all neonatal units. Further research is necessary to formulate the guidelines for diagnosis of VAP in neonates.

Objective: To eliminate iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) in children, the Indian government implemented a universal salt iodization program more than 3 decades ago. Recently, it was identified that excess iodine intake could lead to autoimmune thyroiditis in children. We aimed to measure the level of iodine excretion as well as thyroid profiles as an option to identify autoimmune thyroiditis in school-going children. Materials and Methods: A total of 111 children between the ages of 6 and 12 years were subjected to a blood test to measure free thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone, anti-thyroglobulin, and anti-thyroperoxidase levels. The children were categorized into control and case groups based on the clinical outcome. Biochemical analysis, thyroid gland assessment, fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), and ultrasound sonography were performed. Urinary iodine excretion (UIE) level was measured by the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction method. Results: Approximately 90% of the study population was identified with a higher level of iodine in urine. A positive correlation was observed between the UIE, anti-TPO, and anti-TGO titers among the cases. Out of 61 cases, 21 children showed overt hypothyroidism (34.43%) and the remaining were identified with subclinical thyroid symptoms (65.57%). FNAC confirmed autoimmune thyroiditis in 43 children within the case group. Conclusion: Excess iodine intake may trigger thyroid autoimmunity in children. Children who are having higher levels of anti-thyroid antibodies are at risk of developing thyroid dysfunction if they consume more than the required iodine for metabolism. High levels of iodine in the urine of control children indicate that the IDD program in our nation is running successfully.