Introduction: Cervical cancer is a common health problem in Nepal. There is paucity of data regarding the spectrum of findings in cervical Pap in western Nepal. This study was aimed to study the cytological patterns in cervical Pap smears in patients in a tertiary hospital of Nepal. Methods: This is a prospective, cross sectional, hospital based study. Clinical features of patients who had presented with Pap smear was noted in a structured proforma. Pap smears were studied by a senior pathologist and reported based on revised Bethesda system (2014). Results: Most of the cases belonged to 31-40 years 399 (42.8%). Unsatisfactory/ inadequate sample was present in 133(14.05%) with obscuration due to inflammatory exudate being most common cause. Negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy rate was noted in 798 (85.54%) with 477(51.2%) being normal findings. Epithelial cell abnormalities were noted in 116 (14.5 %) smears. Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion constituted 321(34.5%), High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion 273(29.3 %) and Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance 153(16.4%) of epithelial cell abnormalities. Squamous cell carcinoma was present in 9(1%) of all reviewed smears. There was no statistical significance between the age and abnormalities of Pap smear (p=0.9). Conclusions: Pap smear is pivotal in cervical cancer screening in developing countries. It also identifies various inflammatory, infective, benign and malignant pathologies at the earliest thereby decreasing the morbidity and mortality.

Introduction: In developing countries, urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most commonly diagnosed diseases among the patient seeking medical service and are treated with empirical antibiotics which does not provides cure and causes resistance.Objective: To find out the incidence of urinary tract infections and antibiotics sensitivity pattern among bacterial pathogens isolated in patients attending Nepalgunj Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Kohalpur.Methodology: All patients (both male and female) were included in the study with the clinical suspicion of UTI . They had their urine culture done. Incidence of UTI and spectrum of pathogens with their sensitivity were recorded.Result: A total number of 1445 patients were clinically suspected for UT. They had their urine cultura and sensitivity done Total number of patients with culture positive was 391(27.05%). The majority of isolates were from female patients comprising of 314(80.3%) patients. The most common pathogenic microorganism isolated was E.coli (73.65%). Second most common organism was Klebsiella (19.9%), it was followed by Acinetobacter (3.5%), Enterobacter (3.06%), Pseudmonas and Proteus (0.76%) each, Staphylococcus (0.05%) salmonella (0.02%). The isolated microorganisms showed maximum sensitivity to Nitrofurantin and Amikacin. The isolated microorganism demonstrated resistance to cefpodoxime and Cefotaxime.Conclusion: Urinary tract infections is a commonly encountered case in general practice Females are more commonly affected than men. The microbial profile and the antibiotic sensitivity pattern must be taken into account while planning for the management. Regular supervision of the sensitivity pattern of pathogenic microorganism is mandatory for effective treatment.JNGMC, Vol. 14 No. 2 December 2016, Page: 34-37