PurposeOur study aimed to examine the effects of blue light exposure on prepubertal male rats’ puberty and testis tissue.MethodsEighteen 21-day-old male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups consisting of six rats in each group: Control Group (CG), Blue Light-6 hours (BL-6), and Blue Light-12 hours (BL-12). CG rats were maintained with 12/12-hour light-dark cycles. The rats of BL-6 and BL-12 were exposed to blue light (450-470nm/irradiance level 0.03uW/cm2) for 6 hours and 12 hours, respectively. Rats were exposed to blue light until the first signs of puberty. The ELISA method was used to analyze the serum levels of FSH, LH, testosterone, DHEA-S, leptin, ghrelin, melatonin, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and malondialdehyde. Testes were dissected for histomorphological examination.ResultsThe medians of the pubertal entry days of the CG, BL-6, and BL-12 were 38th, 30th, and 28th days, respectively. (p:0.001) The FSH, LH, and testosterone concentrations of all groups were similar. The FSH concentration increased as the LH concentration increased (r: 0.82 p: 0.001). The serum LH concentration increased as serum testosterone, and DHEAS decreased, respectively (r: -0.561, p: 0.01) (r:-0.55 p:0.01). Testicular lengths and weights of the BL groups were smaller compared to CG (p: 0.03),(p: 0.04). GPx was higher for BL-6 and BL-12 than the CG (p:0.021, p:0.024). Testis tissue was compatible with the pubertal period in all groups. As the blue light exposure time increased, spermatogenesis was suppressed, and capillary dilatation and edema in the testis tissue increased.ConclusionOur study is the first to show the effects of blue light exposure on male rats’ puberty process. And we showed that exposure to blue light and the duration of exposure lead to precocious puberty in male rats. The blue light exposure suppressed spermatogenesis, marked vasodilatation in the interstitial area of the testis, and disrupted the integrity of the basement membrane. These findings intensified with increasing exposure time.

Exhaustive exercise can cause subclinical inflammation to heart, since it is an oxidative tissue that works continuously. The effect of exhaustive exercise on left and right ventricles (LVs, RVs) may be different. It is claimed that paraoxonase-1 (PON1), an antioxidant enzyme, has a cardioprotective effect on oxidative stress. Rats were separated as; non-exercised controls (Con), those euthanized immediately after (E-0) and 24 hours after exhaustive exercise (E-24). Cardiac troponin-I (cTnI), total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), PON1 activities and histological findings in LV and RV of the exhausted rats were evaluated. TAS and PON1 levels were lower in LVs compared to RVs of all groups. TOS levels were high in LVs compared to RVs of all groups. In LVs, TAS levels decreased significantly in E-0 group while PON1 activity decreased in E-0 and E-24 groups compared to controls. In LVs, TOS levels decreased significantly in E-0 and E-24 groups, but in RVs decrease was seen only in E-0 group. cTnI levels increased significantly in E-0 group, and decreased to control levels in E-24 group. Considering the histological and biochemical findings, exhaustive exercise affected the heart to the maximum during/just after exhaustion, and LV was influenced more than RV.

Hücre enerji eldesinde üstlendikleri eşsiz rolleri ile mitokondri yıllardır devam eden araştırmalar ile incelenmeye devam etmektedir. Mitokondriyal transfer hasarlanmış dokuya izole edilmiş olan mitokondrinin transfer edilme süreci olarak özetlenebilir. Bu sayede kalp hasarı olan doku gibi mitokondrial fonksiyonları bozulmuş bölgede mitokondrial disfonksiyon durmunun düzeltilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu konu ile ilgili özellikle kalp dokusunda birçok çalışma olmakla beraber uygulanın miyokardial iskemi, reperfüzyon hasarı gibi süreçlerde koruyucu etkinliği araştırılmaya devam etmektedir. İzole edilen mitokondrin hasarlı dokuya aktarılmasında farklı prosedürler bulunmakla birlikte, birçok çalışmada uygulama ile ilgili olumlu sonuçlar bildirlmektedir. Derlemede literatürde bu alanda yapılmış olan çalışmalar incelenmekle birlikte konuya geniş bir penceren bakılması hedeflenmiştir.

Objective: This study was planned to determine the effects of carob use on puberty because of the observation of early puberty or pubertal variants due to the long-term use of carob in our clinic. Methods: Forty-eight Wistar albino rats, on postnatal day 21, were assigned into two groups female (n=24) and male (n=24). Groups were divided into four groups Control, and Carob-150, Carob-300, and Carob-600. Ceratonia siliqua L. extract was given to rats in a 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) solution. CMC (0.5%) was given to the control, Ceratonia siliqua L. extract was given 150 mg/kg/day to the Carob-150, 300 mg/kg/day to the Carob-300, 600 mg/kg/day to the Carob-600 by oral gavage. The treatments were performed once daily until the first sign of puberty. Serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, total testosterone, leptin, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and malondialdehyde were measured by commercial rat-specific ELISA kits. Testis, uterus and ovarian tissue were examined histologically. Results: The median time of preputial separation in male rats was 38th , 31 st , 31 st , and 31 st days in the Control, Carob-150, Carob-300, and Carob-600 groups, respectively (p=0.004). The median day of vaginal opening day was the 39 th , 31 st , 34 th , and 31 st days in the Control, Carob-150, Carob-300, and Carob-600 groups, respectively (p=0.059). FSH, LH, testosterone (male), estradiol (female) and leptin levels of the groups were similar. However, GPx levels were higher in male and female animals given C. siliqua extract compared to the Control (male p=0.001 and female p=0.008). Testicular and ovarian tissues were concordant with the pubertal period in all groups. As the dose of Ceratonia siliqua extract increased, it induced spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis, causing abnormal changes, such as ondulation in the basement membrane, capillary dilatation, and increased congestion in males. In females, edema in the medulla gradually increased with increased dosage, and granulosa cell connections were separated in Carob-300 and Carob-600 groups. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that C. siliqua caused early puberty and increased spermiogenesis and folliculogenesis. Antioxidant mechanisms were impaired with increasing dose, possibly leading to tissue damage at high doses.

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