Abstract. Soelistijono R, Utami DS, Daryanti, Faizin M, Dian R. 2020. Plankton biodiversity in various typologies of inundation in Paminggir swamp, South Kalimantan, Indonesia on dry season. Biodiversitas 21: 1007-1011. This study aims to determine the morphological and anatomical characteristics of Rhizoctonia-like mycorrhizae associated with the roots of five Dendrobium species; to determine the association between Rhizoctonia-like mycorrhizae with the root of five Dendrobium sp.; to obtain difference between Rhizoctonia-like mycorrhizae with the other in adjacent location Mycorrhizal observations of Rhizoctonia-like mycorrhizae in this study were carried out macroscopically (morphologically) and microscopically (anatomically). The macroscopic observation was performed by observing directly the development of fungal colonies on culture media. Microscopic observations were performed to determine the shape of the hyphal of fungi and the number of nuclei. The results showed that the Rhizoctonia-like mycorrhizae associated with the root of five species of Dendrobium sp. in Java were the binucleate Rhizoctonia groups (BNR). The binucleate Rhizoctonia has white colonies, right-angle branching hyphae, two nuclei, and brown hyphae. The association of the root of five species of Dendrobium sp.with Rhizoctonia-like mycorrhizae fungi was indicated by the existence of a peloton structure in cortical root tissue.

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Temperature plays an important role in plant growth and development. The increased temperature suddenly may cause severe consequences. This study aimed to observe the impact of temperature, exposure of duration, and the interaction between temperature and exposure duration at the germination phase and seedling growth of chili pepper. The research design used Factorial Completely Randomized Design. The first factor was the temperature consisted of five-level of temperature i.e: 35°C, 37°C, 39°C, and 41°C. The second factor was the exposure duration consisted of four hours, eight hours, and twelve hours. The Parameters observed were the percentage of seed germination, shoot length, root length, number of roots, seedling height, number of leaves, fresh weight of seedling, dry weight of seedling, and chlorophyll content. The results of this study showed that there is an interaction between temperature and duration of exposure, the rise in the temperature and duration of exposure decrease shoot length 35.15%, root length (23.23%), number of roots (29.82)%, fresh weight of seedling (40%), number of leaves (30%), chlorophyll content. As a result, the growth of Chili seedling showed a drastic reduction in shoot development, root development, and physiological parameters tested, the germination stage is very susceptible to raise the temperatures.

The reality in the field shows that not all lowland rice varieties which include local varieties, old superior varieties, new superior varieties and new types of varieties are suitable for organic cultivation because each group of varieties has different physiological characters. This research was carried out with the aim of determining the suitable lowland rice varieties for organic cultivation based on physiological characters.               The research was carried out through pot experiments to determine the suitability of lowland rice varieties including local varieties, old varieties, new varieties, and new types of superior varieties in organic cultivation based on their physiological characteristics. with an altitude of 113 m above sea level with inceptisol soil types and tropical climate.               The results showed that organic cultivation did not reduce root permeability to N uptake except for Cisedane variety. Organic cultivation lowered the KPK for the roots of the IR64, Cianjur and Mentikwangi varieties, but increased the KPK for the roots of the Pandanwangi and Cisedane varieties. The uptake rate of N, P, and K roots in organic cultivation was not different from conventional cultivation. The uptake of N roots in organic cultivation was lower than conventional cultivation. The uptake of N, P, and K by roots between varieties was not different. Organic cultivation reduced the uptake of N stems of varieties IR64, Mentikwangi and Cisedane. Among the varieties tested, there was no difference in N uptake in conventional or organic cultivation. Organic cultivation reduced the P uptake of stems of IR64 and Mentikwangi varieties, Organic cultivation decreased total N uptake of Mentikwangi varieties. In conventional and organic cultivation, the plant N uptake of all tested rice varieties was no different.

Indonesia has a huge, biological resources as a plant which can be used as a pesticide natural mahogany. The plant pesticide vegetable is pesticide, plant are based with the active ingredient and control of organism. Obstacles in cultivation of plant peanuts is Spodoptera litura F. pest attacks. Which result in a decrease in productivity and seeds being broken. The  purpose of  this  evaluation  to  understand  the  influence  of  extract mahogany leaves and  intensity of attacks against the  percentage caterpillar  in plants peanut , to know intervals of time the application of appropriate to reduce the percentage of and intensity of pest attacks , and to know the influence of the interaction of concentration and intervals of time application extract mahogany leaves. This research in a random complete the group consisting of two factors.The first concentration extract leaves mahogany and the second factor intervals of time application .But the research referred to as follows 1 ) the first , the extract leaves mahogany (A) : A0: 0 % (control),  A1 : 8% , A2 : 10%, A3: 12% , 2) factors second , the time interval application (B): B1: every day once upon 3 , B2 : every day once upon 5, B3 : every day once upon 7. Every treatment repeated 3 times. The results of the study show concentration extract leaves mahogany to reduce caterpillar grayak pest  attacks   .Extract  leaves  mahogany with  intervals of time the application  had an influence on the percentage and intensity of pest attacks caterpillar and influential on the parameter the  results  of  .The  percentage  of  highest  attack  A0B3   38,05  %  the  lowest percentage A3B1  3,91 % as much as . For the intensity of the attack highest A0B3 25,77 % and the lowest A3B1 13,76 % as much as .The results of fresh pods peanut the highest A3B1  (6,0608 t /ha) and the lowest A1B3  with the results of (0,5431 t /ha).