This paper summarizes the state of the art in connected vehicles-from the need for vehicle data and applications thereof, to enabling technologies, challenges, and identified opportunities. Connectivity is increasing around the world and its expansion to vehicles is no exception. With improvements in connectivity, sensing, and computation, the future will see vehicles used as development platforms capable of generating rich data, acting based on inference, and effecting great change in transportation, the human-vehicle dynamic, the environment, and the economy. Connected vehicle technologies have already been used to improve fleet safety and efficiency, with emerging technologies additionally allowing data to be used to inform aspects of vehicle design, ownership, and use. While the demand for connected vehicles and its enabling technology has progressed significantly in recent years, there remain challenges to connected and collaborative vehicle application deployment before the full potential of connected cars may be realized. From extensibility and scalability to privacy and security, this paper informs the reader about key enabling technologies, opportunities, and challenges in the connected vehicle landscape.

The automotive industry is going through a major restructuring, and automakers are looking for new generations of hybrid vehicles called plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). In the event that PHEVs become more available and the number of PHEVs on the road increases, certain issues will need to be addressed. One vital issue is the method by which these vehicles will be charged and if today's grid can sustain the increased demand due to more PHEVs. Although these vehicles appear to pose a large liability to the grid, if executed properly, they can actually become an even larger asset. The grid can benefit greatly from having reserves that can store or release energy at the appropriate times. Enabling PHEVs to fulfill this niche will require a bi-directional interface between the grid and each vehicle. This bi-directional charger must have the capability to charge a PHEV's battery pack while producing minimal current harmonics and also have the ability to return energy back to the grid in accordance with regulations. This paper will first review some of the power electronic topologies of bi-directional AC-DC and DC-DC converters that fulfill these requirements and then discuss the best choice for combining two topologies to form a bidirectional charger.

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