1 Attack by shoot borers (Hypsipyla grandella Zeller) is the main factor limiting the cultivation of Cedrela odorata and Swietenia macrophylla, two economically important members of the mahogany family. No viable methods of pest control are currently available. To assess for genetic variation in susceptibility to pest attack, a combined progeny/provenance test of C. odorata and a provenance test of S. macrophylla were established separately at CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica, and assessed intensively over an 84-week period. 2 Variation in height growth between provenances was highly signi®cant in both species, provenance means varying by a factor of 2.7 and 1.2 in C. odorata and S. macrophylla, respectively. Cedrela odorata also displayed provenance variation in foliar phenology, as 94.7% of the trees from a`wet zone' provenance remained foliated, whereas > 35% of trees from three`dry zone' provenances abscised their leaves during the dry season. 3 Both species displayed signi®cant genetic variation in susceptibility to shoot borer attack. At the peak of attack during the second year of growth, the effect of provenance was highly signi®cant in both species, the mean number of attacks per tree varying between 0.8±2.4 and 0.6±1.3 in different provenances of C. odorata and S. macrophylla, respectively. A provenance of C. odorata from San Carlos, Costa Rica, displayed consistently lower susceptibility to pest attack, being subjected to fewer attacks during the ®rst year and demonstrating a higher mean height to ®rst point of damage. 4 The nitrogen, total tannin and proanthocyanidin concentration of foliage varied signi®cantly between C. odorata provenances: nitrogen concentration was signi®cantly lower and tannin and proanthocyanidin contents were signi®cantly higher in trees from the San Carlos provenance, Costa Rica. This study therefore suggests that proanthocyanidins may reduce susceptibility of C. odorata to H. grandella, at least during the early period of growth. 5 These results provide support for the development of plant resistance as a strategy for managing shoot borers. In particular, there may be scope for selecting for high foliar proanthocyanidin content and the ability to tolerate attack by vigorous apical growth.

In order to evaluate the relationships between attacks by the mahogany shoot borer Hypsipyla grandella (Zeller) and host growth and phenology, field trials of Spanish cedar Cedrela odorata and American mahogany Swietenia macrophylla established in Costa Rica were assessed intensively over an 84 week period. Height growth of C. odorata was approximately twice that of S. macrophylla, with mean growth rates of 2.0 and 1.3 cm week−1 respectively. Cedrela odorata displayed pronounced temporal variation in leaf phenology, with a minimum of 51% of trees in leaf during a relatively dry period. In contrast, the minimum proportion of foliated S. macrophylla trees was 87%. No shoot borer attacks were recorded on S. macrophylla until week 50 after the onset of assessments, whereas initial attacks of C. odorata were recorded during week 6. By week 84, the proportion of trees attacked was 74% and 77%, respectively. In both species, attacks were concentrated in seasonal peaks, coinciding with the production of new shoots. Pronounced spatial variation in attack was observed in both species. At week 12, the number of attacks per block in C. odorata was negatively correlated with available calcium concentration (r=0.85, P<0.001), whereas mean height growth of C. odorata was positively correlated with available phosphate concentration (r=0.84; P<0.0001). Significant variation in height to first damaging attack was observed in both species. By the end of the observational period, only 6% of C. odorata and 0.4% S. macrophylla remained undamaged to a height of 3 m. It is suggested that control methods for the mahogany shoot borer should take account of temporal dynamics in attack, and relationship to host phenology. Manipulation of the soil nutrient status may also form part of an integrated approach to pest management.

[Introducción]: La principal limitante para el cultivo comercial de Swietenia macrophylla en América tropical y subtropical ha sido el efecto devastador del ataque del barrenador Hypsipyla grandella. Complementariamente, el cultivo de S. macrophylla, que utiliza material genéticamente superior, en suelos de buena calidad y con una efectiva base silvicultural para el control del barrenador, sigue siendo un deseo sin cumplir en los países tropicales. [Objetivo]: Se presentan las estimaciones de mejora genética y de los costos asociados al cultivo comercial de plantaciones clonales de S. macrophylla. [Metodología]: Para la estimación de los costos, se utilizó, como insumo base, la información registrada en campo con respecto a la mano de obra y todos los materiales requeridos en la realización de las actividades, desde el establecimiento hasta el manejo a los 4 años, en dos plantaciones clonales. Se calculó el porcentaje de superioridad en volumen total de los 5 mejores clones en relación con el promedio por ensayo. [Resultados]: Se estima que, para una densidad inicial de 1 111 árb*ha-1, el costo básico total estimado para el establecimiento y cultivo de clones superiores de S. macrophylla hasta los 4 años oscila entre US$ US $ 3 599-3 810/ha, dependiendo, principalmente, del clima del sitio y del método de control de malezas utilizado. El costo del control del barrenador es de US $ 356.64/ha, lo que representa un 9.9 % del costo básico total. En cuanto a la mejora genética, el porcentaje de superioridad en volumen total de los 5 mejores clones en cada sitio, referido al promedio general del ensayo correspondiente varió entre el 46 % y el 93 % evidenciando el efecto positivo que tiene el uso de clones superiores. [Conclusiones]: El costo del control del barrenador no debería ser un factor limitante para que el cultivo de la S. macrophylla sea rentable. Las variables dasométricas analizadas demuestran que, a la edad de 4 años, la selección de clones cumple con las expectativas de crecimiento, lo que se evidencia con una superioridad de hasta un 93 % en el volumen total, al compararlo con el promedio general de ensayo.

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