The nuclear ribosomal (ITS1)internal transcribed spacer 1 was sequenced for Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) originating from 85 collections from the northern and central Andean countries of South America including Argentina (Tucumán), Bolivia, Perú, Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela. The ITS1 regions of additional specimens (17 collections) from Central America (México, Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Panamá), Brazil, Caribbean Colombia, and coastal Venezuela were sequenced and together with published sequences (Paraguay) provided context for interpretation. A total of six ITS1 sequence variants were recognized in the Andean region comprising four groups. Type I predominates in the southernmost range of Anastrepha fraterculus. Type II predominates in its northernmost range. In the central and northern Andes, the geographic distributions overlap and interdigitate with a strong elevational effect. A discussion of relationships between observed ITS1 types and morphometric types is included.

New distribution information, primarily from Colombia, is provided for 60 species of Anastrepha, including the first records of 33 species from Colombia: A. acca Norrbom, A. acris Stone, A. amita Zucchi, A. amplidentata Norrbom, A. atrox (Aldrich), A. barbiellinii Lima, A. bezzii Lima, A. canalis Stone, A. cocorae Norrbom Korytkowski, A. compressa Stone, A. cordata Aldrich, A. crebra Stone, A. cryptostrepha Hendel, A. cryptostrephoides Norrbom Korytkowski, A. furcata Lima, A. fuscicauda Norrbom Korytkowski, A. galbina Stone, A. grandicarina Norrbom Korytkowski, A. hamata (Loew), A. katiyari Norrbom, A. macrura Hendel, A. margarita Caraballo, A. minuta Stone, A. nigripalpis Hendel, A. normalis Norrbom, A. pastranai Blanchard, A. pseudanomala Norrbom, A. pulchra Stone, A. similis Greene, A. speciosa Stone, A. urichi Greene, A. willei Korytkowski, and A. zuelaniae Stone. In addition, A. acris is reported from Costa Rica, A. alveata Stone from El Salvador, A. antunesi Lima and A. bahiensis Lima from Bolivia, A. barbiellinii from Trinidad Tobago, A. bezzii, A. canalis, A. coronilli Carrejo González, A. cryptostrepha and A. minuta from Bolivia, and A. willei from Argentina and Bolivia. A list of the 83 species of Anastrepha now known to occur in Colombia is provided, as well as illustrations of at least the wing and aculeus tip or male genitalia for 60 species.

This work presents new distribution records in Paraguay for 19 fruit fly species of the genus Anastrepha Schiner, including four new records for the country: A. alveatoides Blanchard, A. australis (Blanchard), A. obliqua (Macquart) and A. pastranai Blanchard. Additionally, an updated list of the 26 Anastrepha species present in Paraguay is provided, as well as illustrations (wings, aculeus tips) of the majority of species. 

Rhagoletis antioquiensis Rodriguez & Norrbom, a new species of fruit fly in the striatella species group of Rhagoletis Loew, is described and illustrated. New distribution records are reported for two other species of the striatella group: R. nicaraguensis Hernández-Ortiz & Frías, 2000 is reported from Costa Rica, and R. solanophaga Hernández-Ortiz & Frías, 2000 from Bolivia. A lectotype is designated for Urophora scutellaris Macquart, 1851 (= R. macquartii (Loew)). New host plant relationships for three species of Rhagoletis, all reared from fruits, are reported: Acnistus arborescens (L.) Schrtdl. and Witheringia solanacea L’Her for R. jamaicensis Foote, 1981 from Colombia; Lycianthes pseudolycioides (Chod. & Hassl.) Bitter for R. solanophaga from Bolivia; and Solanum pseudocapsicum L., Solanum tuberosum L. subsp. andigenum (Juz. & Burkasov) Hawkes, Solanum interandinum Bitter from Colombia and Solanum americanum Mill. in Peru for undetermined species of the psalida group. The key to species of the striatella group of Hernández-Ortiz & Frías (2000) is modified to include R. antioquiensis.