The physics programme and the design are described of a new collider for particle and nuclear physics, the Large Hadron Electron Collider (LHeC), in which a newly built electron beam of 60 GeV, to possibly 140 GeV, energy collides with the intense hadron beams of the LHC. Compared to the first ep collider, HERA, the kinematic range covered is extended by a factor of twenty in the negative four-momentum squared, Q 2 , and in the inverse Bjorken x, while with the design luminosity of 10 33 cm −2 s −1 the LHeC is projected to exceed the integrated HERA luminosity by two orders of magnitude. The physics programme is devoted to an exploration of the energy frontier, complementing the LHC and its discovery potential for physics beyond the Standard Model with high precision deep inelastic scattering measurements. These are designed to investigate a variety of fundamental questions in strong and electroweak interactions. The LHeC thus continues the path of deep inelastic scattering (DIS) into unknown areas of physics and kinematics. The physics programme also includes electron-deuteron and electron-ion scattering in a (Q 2 1/x) range extended by four orders of magnitude as compared to previous lepton-nucleus DIS experiments for novel investigations of neutron's and nuclear structure, the initial conditions of Quark-Gluon Plasma formation and further quantum chromodynamic phenomena. The LHeC may be realised either as a ring-ring or as a linac-ring collider. Optics and beam dynamics studies are presented for both versions, along with technical design considerations on the interaction region, magnets including new dipole prototypes, cryogenics, RF, and further components. A design study is also presented of a detector suitable to perform high precision DIS measurements in a wide range of acceptance using state-ofthe art detector technology, which is modular and of limited size enabling its fast installation. The detector includes tagging devices for electron, photon, proton and neutron detection near to the beam pipe. Civil engineering and installation studies are presented for the accelerator and the detector. The LHeC can be built within a decade and thus be operated while the LHC runs in its high-luminosity phase. It so represents a major opportunity for progress in particle physics exploiting the investment made in the LHC.

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The DC energy produced by photovoltaic (PV) modules can change depending on the cell type, module components and module technology. The cell efficiency, sensitivity of the cell to light, recombination losses and how much the light reflects within the cell will affect the amount of produced energy. In addition, the energy produced will change depending on what wavelength light and how much can be transmitted through the front glass and encapsulant and how much light is reflected from back encapsulant and back cover. The front glass transmissivity, patterned surface and existence of ARC (anti-reflective coating) are all very important. In this research project, 14 modules were tested: 4 modules Glass/Glass (Perc Mono Cell), 4 modules Glass/Ceramic (Perc Mono Cell), 2 modules Glass/Glass bifacial (HIT Cell), 1 module Standard (Framed, Mono-n type Cell), 2 modules Standard (Framed, Poly Cell), 1 module Standard (Framed, Perc Mono Cell). This paper compares the normalized Wh/Wp ratios of the different modules under low irradiance (morning and afternoon light) and analyzes and investigates the obtained results as per the cell type used, module components and module technology.

The Turkish Accelerator and Radiation Laboratory at Ankara (TARLA) is a part of the Turkish Accelerator Center project, which was designed to produce an infrared free electron laser in the wavelength band of 2 − 250 µm . The beamline of TARLA consists of 4 major sections: injector, beam transport line with linacs, optical cavities, and dump.All system components must be kept under ultrahigh vacuum standards to prevent beam scattering with residual gas.In the present study, the vacuum requirements of the beamline are defined and simulation vacuum and gas flow in the accelerator are presented.