Public health strategies for the detection, prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) can be implemented at many levels as follows: from individual behavioral alterations to population-based strategies that affect different national and cultural communities. Despite the fact that the priority of primary prevention is treating hypertension and hyperlipidemia, great importance is given to improving behavioral and biological risk factors. Dietary modification, exercise and smoking cessation are specific interventions that can be targeted to reduce CVD risk at both the individual and population levels. Following a healthy lifestyle can potentially change factors such as overweight/obesity, hyperlipidemia, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension. The aim of this review was to present and summarize new data on the primary cardiovascular prevention with a focus on improving behavioral risk factors considered in the current guidelines.

Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): South Ural State Medical University Introduction. The interaction of metabolic and cardiovascular factors, united by common mechanisms of mutual interference, determines the modern concept of cardiometabolic risk. It is important to study the determinants of cardiometabolic risk factors in different phenotypes of overweight and obesity among young adults. Purpose. To study cardiometabolic risk factors in various phenotypes of overweight and obesity among young adults. Methods. Study design: cross-sectional study. The study included 251 patients. All patients were divided into 4 groups: gr. 1 - metabolically healthy individuals with normal body weight (n = 62), aged 24.5 [22-31] years; gr. 2 - metabolically unhealthy individuals with normal body weight (n = 57), aged 28 [23-38] years; gr. 3 - metabolically healthy overweight/obesity (n = 16), aged 30 [24-36] years; gr. 4 - metabolically unhealthy overweight/obesity (n = 116), aged 36 [28.5-41] years. Statistical methods: MedCalc statistical software package (2020). p < 0.05 were taken as statistically significant. Results. The most significant changes of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and some hemostasis parameters with adipokine imbalance were found in metabolically unhealthy overweight/obesity (gr. 4): the highest concentrations of leptin (ng/ml): 37.9 [13.0-63.4] vs 10.0 [5.1-15.5] – gr.1; 9.5 [5.5-21.5] – gr. 2; 25.7 [4.7-37.2] – gr. 3, p4-1.2.3 < 0.05; fibrinogen (g/l): 4.0 [3.5-4.6] vs 3.4 [2.9-4.0] – gr. 1, 3.4 [3.1-4.0] – gr. 2, 3.4 [2.6-3.8] – gr. 3, p4-1.2.3 < 0.001; plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (ng/ml): 464.5 [285.1-628.5] vs 308.2 [211.7-415.7] – gr. 1; 342.3 [222.2-490.0] – gr. 2; 371.0 [273.1-621.0] – gr. 3, p4-1 < 0.001, as well as the lowest concentrations of adiponectin (μg/ml): 7.9 [4.9-10.2] – gr. 3 and 7.9 [5.2-12.4] – gr. 4 compare to gr. 1 – 9.1 [7.5-12.2]) and gr. 2 – 8.7 [7.2-10.5], p3.4-1.2 < 0.05. In young individuals the most significant correlations were found between waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure - on the one hand, and serum concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, leptin, fibrinogen, and type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor, on the other hand. Conclusion. Disorders of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism with adipokine imbalance in young adults determine a higher cardiometabolic risk both in overweight/obese patient and individuals with normal body mass index.

Background. The increased prevalence of obesity and associated cardiometabolic diseases attract attention worldwide. Renin-angiotensin system can link obesity and cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.Objective. To access a comprehensive assessment of cardiometabolic risk factors and gene polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin system in metabolic phenotypes among young individuals.Design and methods. The sample consisted of 251 individuals, who were divided into four groups: group 1 — metabolically healthy individuals with normal body mass index (BMI) (n = 62); group 2 — metabolically unhealthy individuals with normal BMI (n = 57); group 3 — metabolically healthy overweight/obese individuals (n = 16); group 4— metabolically unhealthy overweight/ obese individuals (n = 116). All participants answered a questionnaire designed for this study. Anthropometric, clinical and biochemical parameters were assessed. The following polymorphisms were evaluated:, A1166C polymorphism of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene (rs5186), M235T polymorphism of the angiotensinogen gene (rs699), T174M polymorphism of the angiotensinogen gene (rs4762), I/D polymorphism of the angiotensinconverting enzyme gene (rs4340).Results. In young individuals with metabolically unhealthy overweight/ obesity, a higher frequency of coexistent abdominal obesity and hypertension was found in combination with a higher frequency of the allele T of AGT 235M/T. The greater differences in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in combination with a higher serum levels of leptin and low serum concentrations of adiponectin were also found in young individuals with metabolically unhealthy overweight/obesity.