Temminck's red colobus (Procolobus badius temminckii) living in the Abuko Nature Reserve, The Gambia, have more prominent female-female bonds and less prominent male-male bonds than has been described in most other female-transfer, male-resident groups. This may be due to a number of factors such as female peer-group transfer, the small number of groups available to a transferee, the lack of sexual dimorphism, and the presence and importance of females in initiating and defending the social integrity of the social unit. It is clear from this that the presence of female-transfer, male-residence patterns is not always enough to automatically predict strong male-male bonds. Other factors must also be considered.

The behaviors and food types associated with wild titi monkey food transfer are described and analyzed. Food transfer is not considered altruistic, and possible benefits are explored by exmaining the context and consequences of food transfer.

ABSTRACT. Temminck's red colobus (Procolobus badius temminckii) inhabiting the Abuko Nature Reserve, the Gambia, manipulate objects during solitary play, social play where there is an obvious goal involved, agonistic and intimidation displays, and tug-of-war contests. Some of the object manipulation may be regarded as true tool use and manufacture. Variation in the form and frequency of manipulative activities shows clear sex differences which may relate to sex differences in social behavior. All observed cases of tool manufacture occurred at times of maximum social upheaval for the individual concerned in the act.

Opportunistic sightings were made of an introduced, free‐ranging population of sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekei gratus) in the Abuko Nature Reserve for 5.5 years. The sitatunga used more habitat types than the sympatric bushbuck (T. scriptus), were most active during the coolest times of the day, retreated into shade during the hottest times of the day and their diet consisted mostly of mature leaf parts. In terms of social behaviour, the sitatunga spent most of the time on their own, females gave birth during the dry season, and males engaged in horn wrestling and vegetation horning. Today, this population has disappeared and the wild Senegambian population has never been studied or surveyed. The numbers are probably dwindling throughout the area.