Background/Objectives: Earlier studies have shown that the addition of vinegar in a carbohydrate-rich meal lowers glucose and insulin response in healthy individuals. The mechanism of how this is accomplished, however, remains unclear. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of vinegar on glucose and insulin response in patients with type II diabetes (T2D) in relation to the type of carbohydrates consumed in a meal. Subjects/Methods: Sixteen patients with T2D were divided into two groups, matched for age, gender and HbA 1c . Patients in the first group (group A) were given a high-glycaemic index (GI) meal (mashed potatoes and low-fat milk) on two different days, with and without the addition of vinegar, respectively. In the second group (group B), patients were given an isocaloric meal with the same nutrient composition, but low GI (whole grain bread, lettuce and low-fat cheese). Postprandial plasma glucose and insulin values were measured every 30 min for 2 h. Results: In group A, the incremental area under the curve of glucose (GiAUC 120 ) was lower after the addition of vinegar (181 ± 78 mmol Á min/l vs 311 ± 124 mmol Á min/l, P ¼ 0.04). The iAUC of insulin (IiAUC 120 ) was also reduced, but the difference was of marginal statistical significance (2368±1061 mU Á min/ml vs 3545±2586 mU Á min/ml, P ¼ 0.056). In group B, the addition of vinegar did not affect either the GiAUC 120 (229 ± 38 mmol Á min/l vs 238 ± 25 mmol Á min/l, P ¼ 0.56) or the IiAUC 120 (2996±1302 mU Á min/ml vs 3007±1255 mU Á min/ml, P ¼ 0.98). Conclusions: We conclude that the addition of vinegar reduces postprandial glycaemia in patients with T2D only when it is added to a high-GI meal.

Sudomotor dysfunction is associated with increased risk of FU and should be included in the screening tests for identification of diabetic patients at risk of ulceration.

Type 2 diabetes is associated with a significant reduction in the elastic properties of the aorta. In addition, known duration of diabetes and presence of cardiac autonomic neuropathy are the main predictors of aortic distensibility in subjects with type 2 diabetes.

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OBJECTIVEThis study investigated the association between arterial stiffness and plasma adiponectin in patients with type 1 diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSParticipants were normotensive patients with type 1 diabetes who were up to age 40 years. Subjects on statins with macrovascular disease or overt nephropathy were excluded. Large artery stiffness was assessed by measurement of carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV), whereas plasma adiponectin was measured by radioimmunoassay.RESULTSData from 80 patients (age 27.1 ± 6.1 years, BMI 24.2 ± 3.1 kg/m2, HbA1c 7.5 ± 1.6%, 39 men, adiponectin 13.9 ± 6.7 μg/mL, and PWV 5.6 ± 0.9 m/s) were analyzed. Log adiponectin inversely correlated with age-adjusted PWV (r = −0.291, P = 0.009) and waist circumference (r = −0.427, P < 0.001). In a fully adjusted model, age, expiration/inspiration index, and log adiponectin were independently associated with PWV, explaining 39.6% of its variance.CONCLUSIONSArterial stiffness is inversely related to adiponectin concentration in young patients with type 1 diabetes without major complications.