B cell responses underlie the most vexing immunological barriers to organ transplantation. Much has been learned about the molecular mechanisms of B cell responses to antigen and new therapeutic agents that specifically target B cells or suppress their functions are available. Yet, despite recent advances, there remains an incomplete understanding about how B cell functions determine the fate of organ transplants and how, whether or when potent new therapeutics should optimally be used. This gap in understanding reflects in part the realization that besides producing antibodies, B cells can also regulate cellular immunity, contribute to the genesis of tolerance and induce accommodation. Whether non-specific depletion of B cells, their progeny or suppression of their functions would undermine these non-cognate functions and whether graft outcome would suffer as a result is unknown. These questions were discussed at a symposium on “B cells in transplantation” at the 2015 ISHLT annual meeting. Those discussions are summarized here and a new perspective is offered.

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than Nck clusters. We therefore co-aggregated trans-membrane VCA domains with ''dummy'' fusion proteins. However, morphology and dynamics of VCA actin structures did not alter significantly, suggesting density alterations cannot explain differences between Nck and VCA-induced structures. We are now testing whether higher VCA turnover and additional Nck binding proteins could explain the more dynamic nature of Nck-induced structures. Understanding the basis for the differences between the Nck and VCA induced actin assemblies will advance our knowledge of RTK signaling to mobilize actin cytoskeleton.