The useful life of concrete is associated with the penetrative ability of aggressive agents on their structures. Structural parameters such as porosity, pore distribution and connectivity have great influence on the properties of mass transport in porous solids. In the present study, the effect of varying the workability of concrete in fresh state, produced through the use of additives, on pore structure and on the mechanical compressive strength of hardened concrete was assessed. The pore structure was analyzed with the aid of X-ray microtomography, and the results obtained were compared to the total pore volume calculated from data derived from helium and mercury pycnometry tests. A good approximation between the porosity values obtained through the two techniques was observed, and it was found that, regardless of concrete consistency, the samples from the surface of the specimens showed a percentage of pores higher than those taken from the more inner layers.
Monitoring the carbonation front progress in a cementitious composite having its pore structure analyzed through µ-CT imaging Acompanhamento do avanço da frente de carbonatação em compósito cimentício com sua estrutura de poros analisada por microtomografia computadorizada de raios X (µ-CT) Abstract ResumoThe carbonation process is one among the primary factors that cause a reduction in the hydrogen ionic potential (pH) of cementitious composites that may lead to a depassivation of the reinforcement structures, thus furnishing conditions for corrosion processes to begin. In this paper, the research sought to monitor the advancement of the carbonation front in compliance with the European standard, EN 14630, whilst concurrently measuring the pH variation on the surface of the cementitious composite. Cylindrical mortar specimens of (2x4) cm were placed in a carbonation chamber, keeping up the humidity 65%, temperature 28° C and a CO 2 concentration of 5%. The structure of voids in the matrix was assessed with the µ-CT imaging technique. The pH reading enabled the monitoring of the carbonation front progress as a function of the loss of alkalinity, before the process established by standard EN 14630. The images obtained by µ-CT did not enable the visualization of the densification of the material found in the outer layer of the specimen.Keywords: mortar, carbonation, pH, Xray microtomography.O processo de carbonatação é um dos causadores da redução do potencial hidrogeniônico (pH) em compósitos cimentícios, o qual pode levar a despassivação das armaduras, dando condições ao início de um processo de corrosão. Neste trabalho, buscou-se acompanhar o avanço da frente de carbonatação conforme a norma europeia EN 14630 paralelamente à medição da variação do pH na superfície do compósito cimentício. Foram utilizados corpos de prova cilíndricos (CP) de argamassa, com dimensão de (2x4) cm, acondicionados em câmara de carbonatação com condições controladas, mantendo-se a umidade em 65 %, a temperatura em 28º C e a concentração de CO 2 em 5 %. A estrutura de vazios da matriz foi avaliada por meio da técnica de microtomografia computadorizada de raios X (µ-CT). A leitura de pH permitiu um monitoramento do avanço da frente de carbonatação, em função da perda de alcalinidade, antes do processo estabelecido na norma EN 14630. As imagens obtidas por meio da µ-CT não permitiram visualizar a densificação do material presente na camada mais externa do CP.Palavras-chave: argamassa, carbonatação, pH, microtomografia de raios X.
ResumoThe need to use reduced sample sizes, in order to attain improved spatial resolution in (µ-CT) tests applied in Portland cement composites, makes researchers perform the fractionation of materials to obtain samples with dimensions compatible with the capacity of the scanning equipment, which might cause alterations in the microstructure under analysis. Therefore, a test specimen (TS) with dimensions compatible with the scanning capacity of a microtomography system that operates with an X-ray tube and voltage ranging from 20 to 100 kV was proposed. Axial compression strength tests were made and their total porosity was assessed by an apparent density and solid fraction density ratio, which were obtained by means of mercury and helium pycnometry and µ-CT technique, respectively. The adoption of that TS has shown to be viable for providing a sample with a higher level of representation.Keywords: X-ray microtomography, fractionation of samples, test specimen, pycnometry, pore structure.A necessidade de se utilizar amostras de tamanho reduzido, para a obtenção de uma melhor resolução espacial nos ensaios de µ-CT em compósitos de cimento Portland, leva os pesquisadores a realizar o fracionamento do material para a obtenção de amostras com dimensões compatíveis com a capacidade de leitura do equipamento, o que pode ocasionar alterações da microestrutura em análise. Assim, foi proposto um corpo de prova (CP) com dimensões compatíveis com a capacidade de leitura de um microtomógrafo com tubo de raios X que opera dentro de um intervalo de tensão de 20 a 100 kV.Foram realizados testes de resistência à compressão axial e avaliação da sua porosidade total por meio da relação entre a densidade aparente e a densidade da fração sólida, obtidas respectivamente pelas técnicas de picnometria (de mercúrio e hélio) e pela técnica de µ-CT. A adoção deste CP se mostrou viável por proprocionar uma amostragem com maior nível de representatividade.Palavras-chave: microtomografia de raios X; fracionamento de amostras, corpo de prova, picnometria, estrutura de poros.
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